In programming languages – while coding a program, sometimes it is necessary to repeat a set of statements several times (Looping Control Structures ). A way to repeat statements is to type the same statements in the program over and over. For example, if you want to repeat some statements 100 times, you type the same statements 100 times in the program. However, this solution of repeating statements is impractical, if not impossible. Fortunately, there is a better way to repeat a set of statements.

As noted earlier, C++ has three repetition, or looping control structures that allow you to repeat a set of statements until certain conditions are met.

Note: The variable that controls the loop is called loop control variable (LCV)

While Looping Control Structures

The first loop that we’re going to discuss about is while loop. The general form of while loop is:

while (expression)
      statement

In C++, while is a reserved word. Of course, the statement can be either a simple or compound statement. The expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression. The statement is called the body of the loop. Note that the parentheses around the expression are part of the syntax.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
   int X = 0; 			        //Line 1
  while (x <= 20) 		        //Line 2
       {
       cout << x << " "; 		//Line 3
        x = x + 5;			 //Line 4
       }

return 0;

In Line 1, the variable x is set to 0. The expression in the while statement (in Line 2), x <= 20, is evaluated. Because the expression x <= 20 evaluates to true, the body of the while loop executes next. The body of the while loop consists of the statements in Lines 3 and 4. The statement in Line 3 outputs the value of x, which is 0. The statement in Line 4 changes the value of x to 5. After executing the statements in Lines 3 and 4, the expression in the while loop (Line 2) is evaluated again. Because x is 5, the expression x <= 20 evaluates to true and the body of the while loop executes again. This process of evaluating the expression and executing the body of the while loop continues until the expression, x <= 20 (in Line 2), no longer evaluates to true.

Kinds of while loops are: counter-controlled, flag-controlled, sentinel-controlled, EOF-controlled while loops and etc.

for Repetition (Looping) Structure

The general form of for loop is:

for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement)
      statement

The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement (called for loop control statements) enclosed within the parentheses control the body (statement) of the for statement.

The for loop executes as follows:

1. The initial statement executes.
2. The loop condition is evaluated. If the loop condition evaluates to true:
   1. Execute the for loop statement.
   2. Execute the update statement (the third expression in the parentheses).
3. Repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to false.

The initial statement usually initializes a variable (called the for loop control, or for indexed, variable).

In C++, for is a reserved word.

Concentrate on the example bellow:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
  int x;
  for (x = 0; x < 10 ; x++)
    {  
     cout << x << " ";
     }
cout << endl;

return 0;
}

The initial statement, x = 0;, initializes the int variable x to 0. Next, the loop condition, x<10, is evaluated. Because 0<10 is true, the print statement executes and outputs 0. The update statement, x++, then executes, which sets the value of x to 1. Once again, the loop condition is evaluated, which is still true, and so on. When x becomes 10, the loop condition evaluates to false, the for loop terminates, and the statement following the for loop executes.

do…while Repetition (Looping) Structure

This section describes the third type of looping or repetition structure, called a do…while loop. The general form of a do…while statement is as follows:

do
       statement
while (expression);

The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated. If the expression evaluates to true, the statement executes again. As long as the expression in a do…while statement is true, the statement executes. To avoid an infinite loop, you must, once again, make sure that the loop body contains a statement that ultimately makes the expression false and assures that it exits properly.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
  x = 0;
  do {
      cout << x << " ";
      x = x + 5;
     }while (x <= 20);
return 0;
}

The output of the code is:

0  5  10  15  20

After 20 output, the statement:

x = x +5;

changes the value of x to 25 and so x <=20 becomes false, which halts the loop.

• In a while and for loop, the loop condition is evaluated before executing the body of the loop. Therefore, while and for loops are called pretest loops. On the other hand, the loop condition in a do…while loop is evaluated after executing the body of the loop. Therefore, do…while loops are called post-test loops. Because the while and for loops both have entry conditions, these loops may never activate. The do…while loop, on the other hand, has an exit condition and therefore always executes the statement at least once. Looping Control Structures

“The end of Looping Control Structures in C++.

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If you’re using a PC with more than a user, so “quota” can help you to Manage HDD Storage Capacity between users. This question rays here – why should we manage the storage capacity?

The answer is here: if multiple users with huge data are using a PC, so there must be a rule for using the HDD storage capacity. A single user should not fill all the disks and must give chance to others in order to put their files on HDD.

This series of Tutorials are with Windows 10! Though this tutorial works on windows 7/8 or 8.1 as well.

Manage HDD Storage, Using Disk Quota

Step one: Right-click on the drive – you want to manage and choose “properties” from the pop-up list or simply select the drive and press “Alt + Enter” from the keyboard.

Step Two: When the properties window opens, go to the “quota” tab and click “Show Quota Settings”.

Step Three: Check the “Enable quota management” and click “Quota Entries”.

Step Four: Here you add a quota entry for the desired user. Click “Quota” and Choose “New Quota Entry”.

Step Five: Click “Advanced” to go for user selection.

Step Six: Click “Find Now” (1), Choose a user (2) and click “Ok” (3).

Step Seven: Click “OK”

Step Eight:

For (1): Enter the value/amount for limitation and change the KB to MB/GB/TB

For (2): Enter the value/amount for giving a warning to the user.

Step Nine: Done!! You can see the list, you’ve managed disk space and limited the user’s storage capacity.

Now you’re done. You’ve successfully managed and limited your drive’s storage capacity for desired users.

If any question raises for you, fill free to ask in the comments or if you have any other suggestions.

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The file permissions in Windows are privileges granted to specific system entities, such as users, groups, or computers, enabling them to perform a task or access a resource. This is about to set and manage file permission in Windows 10 and other Windows operating systems.

Manage File Permission in Windows

• As an administrator, you should be familiar with the operation of the following four permission
Systems:

•  NTFS permissions
• Share permissions
•  Registry permissions
• Active Directory permissions

Q: how to set permissions on our files in order to allow or disallow others to access our files?

Step One: right click on the file you want to set Permission on, and click Properties or simply select the file and press ALT + ENTER to open the properties window.

Step Two: Move to Security Tab and Click Edit to go for user selection.

Step Three: in this window click add, in order to add a user for setting or managing permissions.

Step Four: Click Advance to find the desired user.

Step Five: Click Find Now to view all users and user group the n select the user from the list at the bottom of the window then click OK.

Step Six: Again click OK in the “select user and groups” window.

Step Seven: Now it is time to set permissions;

Select options or Tick the squares as u wish to set permissions and then press “ apply” and OK.

Hurrah, finally it’s done! You’ve set permissions for the user you wanted. Now you can switch to other user and check if the permissions work correctly!

Hope you learn something new from this basic article manage file permission in Windows 10 Operating System. If you have any question, feel free to ask us through comment section or ask it on our forums.

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Though you all may know about the Table of Contents, let me talk clearly about this. Table of Contents or TOC is a table in which we manage and sort Titles of the Topics in a document, magazine, book or article by the page number on Microsoft word.

The most necessary thing about the Table of Contents that all must know is that TOC can’t be created without any heading or level applied to the titles of the topics. MS word has 1-9 headings and 1-9 levels. Almost levels and heading are equal by formation.

Let’s start creating a TOC with heading and levels.

Step One:

• Type some texts having titles.
• Select their titles and apply heading from 1 to 9 or apply levels.
• Concentrate on the picture below:

Step Two:

• After Applying levels and headings to the titles of the topics and Chapters, Click a place where you want to add a Table of Contents.
• For Creating TOC go to the REFERENCES Tab and Table of Contents Group.
• Click on the First Option to view a pre-designed list of TOC.
• Select a type from the list, it will automatically create a table of contents.
• See the picture below:

You can see our Table of Contents as an example below:

Add more Levels and Headings

If your list of contents is incomplete and you cannot see titles with heading or level more then heading / level three then do the following:

1. Go to REFERENCES Tab, Table of Contents Group.
2. Click on the drop-down button and Choose Custom Table of Contents From the end of the list.
3. Go to Show Levels: and turn that from 3 to 9.
4. As picture below;

Please ask your questions and share your View with us through comments.

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Excel is present with hundreds of Functions but Today we’ll learn about one of the great Excel Functions “CONCATENATE”. It is used for joining values of two or more then two cells. It can be used with the most common Excel Function “IF” and other String & Math and Trig Functions such as: LEFT, RIGHT, MID, REPT,CODE, TRIM, LEN, EXACT, UPPER, LOWER, PROPER, SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, PMT, IMPT, PV and etc..

We will start with a very simple example.

• Insert your data table
• Choose a cell where you want to join the values of different cells.
• Start with (=) sign then type “CONCATENATE” without qoutes.
• Open brackets after typing the function Concatenate.
• Select the values and place “comma” after each word.

• =CONCATENATE(text1, [text2],[text3],...)

• Look at the example below:

In the above Example we have three words in different cells (N4, O4 and P4) and we have joined them through the CONCATENATE Function in Cell (Q4).

If you concentrate in the example above we don’t need any space between words in Cell (Q4), but in other cells below that we can see that there is a SPACE between each name or word. So while working with CONCATENATE Function we have to be careful about the SPACES.

If you want to insert a space between two words, You’ve to use (,” “,) after selecting a cell in CONCATENATE Function.

OR

You can add spaces after those cell values which you’re going to join them, in there cells.

Look at the Example Below:

• In example below, I’ve mixed and joined “Thank You”, “Please Pay” and Customer Name “Ali” and have used CONCATENATE with IF function.
• In case if the PAID AMOUNT is less then TOTAL PRICE,  “Please Pay + Customer Name” will be visible.
• and if the PAID AMOUNT is equal to 0, then “Thank You + Customer Name” will be visible.

WANT MORE EXCEL FUNCTIONS?

VIEW : MICROSOFT EXCEL FUNCTIONS BY CATEGORY

Best of Luck!

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Word 2013 introduces a new feature that allows you to expand and collapse certain parts of your document. It reminds me very much of the kind of web page interactivity that lets you click on a brief summary of something to display a more detailed description. And that’s precisely what this is.

If you can’t visualize this concept, let’s illustrate it with a simple example. Create a new blank document in Word 2013 and create a heading 1 followed by some text. To quickly create some random text, you can type in =rand() and press Enter to create five paragraphs each of five lines. Now create a heading 2 followed by more text. When you hover over any heading, you will see an arrow pointing in a particular direction, and the direction tells us whether clicking on it will expand or collapse what is below the heading.

This arrow, when clicked, collapses the content below the heading:

This is what the heading looks like after the collapse arrow has been clicked:

You can see that everything below the heading has been collapsed and only the heading is now displayed. This is a convenient way of hiding content you don’t want to see so you only see the outline of the document. If you want to read the content, just click on the arrow again.

The expand/collapse arrows don’t necessarily affect everything below their header. They only affect the content below the header and up to the next header of equal or greater value. For example, this “Technig.com” consists of “Technig.com” which is a heading 1, and two heading 2s for “Office” and “Programming”.

Collapsing “Technig.com” will hide everything but the heading “Technig.com”. Collapsing “Office” will collapse only the list of Office Programs but will leave the “Programming” section on display. Similarly, collapsing “Programming” will leave “Office” on display. This is the way you would expect, and indeed want, it to work.

There is a quick way to expand or collapse all headings in your document; right click on a heading > Expand/Collapse, and select Expand all Headings or Collapse all Headings.

When you open a document, all headings are expanded by default. You can change this though, so that they are all collapsed: go to the Home tab, and click the dialogue box launcher in the paragraph group:

In the Paragraph window that opens, ensure that Collapsed by default is checked.

Note that this feature is only usable when you’re reading a document on your computer; it doesn’t work on a printout!

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Macros in fact are actions which we record. We can assign shortcuts to them for easy use. Check here for “How to create a macro”. If you have a Macro and often use it while working with the documents, Workbooks, Presentations or Database, you might use shortcut keys to run the Macro or the VIEW | DEVELOPER tab.

There is another way to easily use a Macro and that is creating a Command Button for the Macro. After creating a button, just a click is required to run the Macro.

Below are the Steps:

You must have a recorded macro to proceed.

I’ve tried this for MS word 2013.

 Select the Quick Access Toolbar’s drop-down button and choose More Commands.

 Complete the Process:

No. 1: Choose Macros from the list.

No. 2: Select the Macro that you want.

No. 3: Click “Add”.

No. 4: Check whether your macro is added to the list or not.

No. 5: Click Modify.

Assign Icon to Macro:

No.1: Select an Icon for your Macro.

No. 2: Give a name to your Command Button.

No. 3: Click “OK”.

All Done!

This is the example below;

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Microsoft Word gives us many great options such as macro for easy and better use.

Simply macros are the commands for different actions, or we can say that macros are the recorded actions.

In this post we are going to learn how to record a macro and use it with an easy way like a SHORTCUT!

Our example will be:

A macro that moves a word left to right.

Type some words like below:

• Place your mouse courser at the right side of a word.

Start Recording a Macro:

• Go to VIEW Tab & Macros group.
• Select Macros drop-down button and Record Macro.

Name and Assign Shortcut for your Macro:

1. Type a name for your macro. (No space is allowed)
2. Click to assign a keyboard shortcut. (complete No. 3 then No. 2)
3. If you want, add some Descriptions.
4. Click “OK” (Complete the process of assigning a shortcut key then Press it)

Assign Keyboard Shortcut:

1. Type a Shortcut key.
2. Click Assign to specify that shortcut for your macro.
3. See your Keyboard Shortcut here.
4. Press Close.

Now your macro is being recorded.

• You must have place your courser to the any word in the middle of the sentence.
• Press F8 two times to select that word then press Esc.
• Hold and Press SHIFT + Delete buttons on your keyboard to send the word to Clipboard.
• Hold and Press Ctrl + Right Arrow Key, to Move your mouse courser to the right of the other word.
• Hold and Press SHIFT + Insert buttons on keyboard to paste the word from Clipboard.
• Hold and Press Ctrl + Left Arrow Key, to bring the mouse courser to it’s first place.
• Now you can stop Macro from Status Bar.

Your Text should look like this!

 Congrats! Now it is completed and you can move a word from left to right by the Keyboard Shortcut or the Macro recorded.

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Inspect Document is a great and necessary tool for Microsoft Office users. While working with MS Word, it automatically saves and keeps some hidden data. These data could be any personal information, hidden comments, hidden texts, XML data and etc.

In order to avoid MS Word from keeping hidden information and personal data with itself, “Inspect Document” must be applied on it.

After the completion of your document apply “Inspect Document”, if you never want your information go out of your PC or out to place where you don’t want.

“Inspect Document” is mentioned as “Inspect Workbook” in excel and “Inspect Presentation” in PowerPoint.

Here are some steps for inspection of any word document:

No 1: Save your document and move to Backstage view by clicking on FILE Tab.

No 2: Select “Info” from left sidebar, if it isn’t selected.

No 3: Find the option “Inspect Document” and click on the dropdown button left to that, named as “Check for issues”.

No 4: Click the first command “Inspect Document” from the list.

Selection: A new window appears. Select the contents that you want to inspect for and then Click “Inspect”.

A: Click “Remove all” for each content which you don’t want MS Word to keep with itself.

B: Re-inspect.

C: Close.

Finally Your Inspection is completed and you can send your document anywhere. 

Best of Luck!

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Many Options are placed in Microsoft Office 2013 Ribbon. While working with Office Applications, most of the time we feel crowded. So on sometimes it is difficult to find an option or command that we feel to work with.

For easy and better use also to stop the wastage of time, Microsoft Office gives us the opportunity to manage and group the tools which we want.

Here are some steps to create a Tab, Groups and manage tools inside groups in Microsoft Office 2013 Applications.

First Step: Open an Office Application.

No 1. Move to Backstage View through FILE Tab.

No 2. Select Options from the Left Sidebar.

Second Step: All the Information you need about the “Customize Ribbon” Option.

No 1. Go to “Customize Ribbon”.

No 2. Choose All Commands from the drop-down button.

No 3. Navigate to Main Tabs by drop-down button.

No 4. Shows Modification Buttons

Third Step: Customizing the Ribbon in Office 2013

No 1. Press to Create a New Tab.

(A new group will automatically created after pressing New Tab.)

No 2. Click to Create a New Group.

No 3. After Creating Tabs and Groups you can rename them by clicking on this button.

No 4. If you don’t want the changes applied on your ribbon area, you can reset them.

No 5. Through this button you can Export your “Main Tabs” setting as a file, so earlier you can import them after re-installation of Office.

Fourth Step: After creating Tabs and Groups, in order to add options inside a group select it.

For A: Select a command.

For B: Press “Add” Button.

For C: See the commands you’ve added to different groups.

For E: After you find satisfied yourself with the changes applied, click OK to continue.

Fifth Step: Find your Tab along other Office Tabs.

Here is our New Tab:

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