For IT lovers and Tech geeks, It’s time to Setup a Penetration Testing Lab to learn Information Security and testing some hacking tips for protecting our network or home computers from being hacked. This Lab we are going to create is not only for Hacking and Penetration Testing. It’s the lab which is necessary for all computer science students and technology geeks.

A Lab within a computer reduce electricity usage and has many more benefits. Even you can create it within your personal Laptop. If it would be on a laptop, it is portable and you can carry everywhere with yourself. The time is gone when the hardware of a computer was weak and just could run an operating system with a few software. But nowadays each computer at least has a CPU i3 or higher with 4 GB RAM or higher. So you can run multiple virtual operating systems (OS) separately at the same time.

Virtualization Tools To Set Up A Penetration Testing Lab

There are many Virtualization software for this purpose and all of them are easy to install and using a virtualization environment. Hyper-v,  a free and built-in hypervisor software on Windows 8 higher. It’s the best and I like it too much, but for enterprise network and working with Microsoft software products. Like SQL Server, Windows Server, System Center,  and others.

When we are using for multi-vendor products, Linux, Windows, Mac OS, Chrome OS, Router IOS, and Web Server and web Apps, we must install and test them on Lab that can support all of them. So from basic hacking a standalone PC to Wireless hacking and even web app penetration testing to enterprise network penetration testing I suggest to create your lab with VMWare.

VMWare workstation is the appropriate tool for setting up your penetration testing lab and networking training lab. Unfortunately, it is not free like Hyper-V. But you can use VMWare player for free which is not more flexible and doesn’t have the same functions as a workstation.

So good, you completely understand which Virtualization software is preferable and flexible for Learning Penetration Testing and Hacking. Now try to create your lab. First of all download all software you need for testing. Windows Server, Windows Client, Linux Operating system, and Web Application penetrating testing.

Install VMware as Virtual Host Server

Now go to VMware website and download the VMware workstation. Download the Windows edition if you are using Windows. It has for Linux and Mac OS also.  When the download complete successfully, simply install it like simple software installation and create a new virtual machine according to this step by step article ” How to Create A Virtual Machine in VMWare?“.

Note: Your system must meet the virtualization requirement. It must support virtualization technology (VT) and enabled before installing any virtualization software. You can enable it through your system BIOS where you can find other settings also.

To install Kali Linux on VMWare read the article “How to Install Dual Boot Windows and Kali Linux?“. In the next step, I will show you How to configure VMWare for Penetration Testing Lab.

The post Setup Penetration Testing Lab to Learn Hacking at Home appeared first on TECHNIG.

In the network switching, you can easily configure DHCP snooping to prevent DHCP spoofing attack and DHCP starvation attack. Before you mitigating DHCP attacks in the network, you need to know about DHCP functions and features. The DHCP servers dynamically provide IP configuration information including IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS servers, and more to clients. The sequence of DHCP message exchange between client and server.

Types of DHCP Attacks

There are some DHCP attacks that hackers can use to hack your network systems and access the information. The DHCP Spoofing attack and the DHCP Starvation attack.

1. DHCP Spoofing Attack

A DHCP spoofing attack occurs when a rogue DHCP server is connected to the network and provides false IP configuration parameters to legitimate clients. A rogue server can provide a variety of misleading information:

• Wrong default gateway – Attacker provides an invalid gateway or the IP address of its host to create a man-in-the-middle attack. This may go entirely undetected as the intruder intercepts the data flow through the network.

• Wrong DNS server – Attacker provides an incorrect DNS server address pointing the user to a nefarious website.

• Wrong IP address – Attacker provides an invalid default gateway IP address and creates a DoS attack on the DHCP client.

2. DHCP Starvation Attack

Another DHCP attack is the DHCP starvation attack. The goal of this attack is to create a DoS for connecting clients. DHCP starvation attacks require an attack tool such as Gobbler.

Gobbler has the ability to look at the entire scope of leasable IP addresses and tries to lease them all. Specifically, it creates DHCP discovery messages with bogus MAC addresses.

Mitigating DHCP Attacks

It is easy to mitigate DHCP starvation attacks using port security. However, mitigating DHCP spoofing attacks requires more protection.

Related articles: Configure DHCP in Cisco Router and Windows Server

For instance, Gobbler uses a unique MAC address for each DHCP request and port security. Port security could be configured to mitigate this. However, Gobbler can also be configured to use the same interface MAC address with a different hardware address for every request. This would render port security ineffective.

DHCP spoofing attacks can be mitigated using DHCP snooping on trusted ports. DHCP snooping also helps mitigate against DHCP starvation attacks by rate limiting the number of DHCP discovery messages that an untrusted port can receive. DHCP snooping builds and maintains a DHCP snooping binding database that the switch can use to filter DHCP messages from untrusted sources. The DHCP snooping binding table includes the client MAC address, IP address, DHCP lease time, binding type, VLAN number, and interface information on each untrusted switchport or interface.

Note: In a large network, the DHCP binding table may take time to build after it is enabled. For example, it could take 2 days for DHCP snooping to complete the table if DHCP lease time is 4 days.

1. DHCP Snooping 

DHCP snooping acts like a firewall between untrusted hosts and trusted DHCP servers. DHCP snooping performs the following activities:

• Validates DHCP messages received from untrusted sources and filters out invalid messages.
• Builds and maintains the DHCP snooping binding database, which contains information about untrusted hosts with leased IP addresses.
• Uses the DHCP snooping binding database to validate subsequent requests from untrusted hosts.

Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) and IP Source Guard also use information stored in the DHCP snooping binding database.

DHCP snooping is enabled on a per-VLAN basis. By default, the feature is inactive on all VLANs. You can enable the feature on a single VLAN or a range of VLANs. Mitigate VLAN attack.

Configure DHCP Snooping to Mitigate DHCP Attack

When you configure DHCP snooping or enabling on an interface or VLAN, the switch receives a packet on an untrusted port, the switch compares the source packet information with that held in the DHCP snooping binding table.

• Trusted DHCP ports – Only ports connecting to upstream DHCP servers should be trusted. These ports that are expected to reply with DHCP offer and DHCP Ack messages. Trusted ports must be explicitly identified in the configuration.
• Untrusted ports – These ports connect to hosts that should not be providing DHCP server messages. By default, all switch ports are untrusted.

The general rule when configuring DHCP snooping is to “trust the port and enable DHCP snooping by VLAN”. Therefore, the following steps should be used to enable or configure DHCP snooping:

• Step 1. Enable DHCP snooping using the ip dhcp snooping global configuration command.

• Step 2. On trusted ports, use the ip dhcp snooping trust interface configuration command.

• Step 3. Enable DHCP snooping by VLAN, or by a range of VLANs.

Configuring a Maximum Number of MAC Addresses

S1(config)# ip dhcp snooping
S1(config)#
S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# ip dhcp snooping trust
S1(config-if)# exit
S1(config)#  
S1(config)# interface range f0/5 - 24
S1(config-if-range)# ip dhcp snooping limit rate 4  
S1(config-if-range)# exit
S1(config)#
S1(config)# ip dhcp snooping vlan 5,10,50-52
S1(config)#

Try to displays the resulting output of the “show ip dhcp snooping” privileged EXEC command.

S1# show ip dhcp snooping

Try to displays the resulting output of the “show ip dhcp snooping binding” command. Another way to verify is with the “show ip dhcp snooping database” command.

S1# show ip dhcp snooping binding

Untrusted ports should also rate limit the number of DHCP discovery messages they can receive per second using the ip dhcp snooping limit rate interface configuration command.

Note: Rate limiting further mitigates the risk of DHCP starvation attacks.

Similar mitigation techniques are available for DHCPv6 and IPv6 clients. Because IPv6 devices can also receive their addressing information from the router’s Router Advertisement (RA) message, there are also mitigation solutions to prevent any rogue RA messages.

Trusted and Untrusted Sources

You can configure whether DHCP snooping trusts traffic sources. An untrusted source may initiate traffic attacks or other hostile actions. To prevent such attacks, DHCP snooping filters messages from untrusted sources.

In an enterprise network, a trusted source is a device that is under your administrative control. These devices include the switches, routers, and servers in the network. Any device beyond the firewall or outside the network is an untrusted source. Generally, host ports are treated as untrusted sources.

In a service provider environment, any device that is not in the service provider network is an untrusted source (such as a customer switch). Host ports are untrusted sources.

In the NX-OS device, you indicate that a source is trusted by configuring the trust state of its connecting interface.

The default trust state of all interfaces is untrusted. You must configure DHCP server interfaces as trusted. You can also configure other interfaces as trusted if they connect to devices (such as switches or routers) inside your network. You usually do not configure host port interfaces as trusted.

Source: Cisco Configure DHCP Snooping

The post How to Configure DHCP Snooping in Cisco Switches? appeared first on TECHNIG.

Looking for CCNA Security Exam Answers? Here you can test and review all updated CCNA Security Chapter 3 exam questions and answers. It is just for educational purposes.

These questions are the latest CCNA security chapter 3 exam questions with answers. Please share the new questions through the comment section. We will reply it with the correct answer.

CCNA Security Chapter 3 Exam Questions and Answers

The configuration is using the default ports for a Cisco router.

The configuration will not be active until it is saved and Rtr1 is rebooted.

The configuration of the ports requires 1812 be used for the authentication and the authorization ports.

The ports configured for Server1 on the router must be identical to those configured on the RADIUS server.

The local username database will provide a backup for authentication in the event the ACS servers become unreachable.

A local username database is required when configuring authentication using ACS servers.

Because ACS servers only support remote user access, local users can only authenticate using a local username database.

Without a local username database, the router will require successful authentication with each ACS server.

debug tacacs accounting

debug aaa authentication

debug tacacs events

debug tacacs

Windows Server only supports AAA using TACACS.

Windows Server uses its own Active Directory (AD) controller for authentication and authorization.

Windows Server cannot be used as an AAA server.

Windows Server requires more Cisco IOS commands to configure.

MD5

RADIUS

SSH

TACACS+

Implement Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS) only.

RADIUS and TACACS+ servers cannot be supported by a single solution.

Implement both a local database and Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS).

Implement a local database.

accessibility

authorization

authentication

auditing

accounting

The login succeeds, even if all methods return an error.

It uses the enable password for authentication.

It accepts a locally configured username, regardless of case.

It defaults to the vty line password for authentication.

It uses less network bandwidth.

It requires a login and password combination on the console, vty lines, and aux ports.

It provides a fallback authentication method if the administrator forgets the username or password.

It specifies a different password for each line or port.

accounting

accessibility

authentication

authorization

Accounting can only be enabled for network connections.

Users are not required to be authenticated before AAA accounting logs their activities on the network.

Accounting is concerned with allowing and disallowing authenticated users access to certain areas and programs on the network.

Possible triggers for the aaa accounting exec default command include start-stop and stop-only.

Use the login delay command for authentication attempts.

Use the none keyword when configuring the authentication method list.

Use the aaa local authentication attempts max-fail global configuration mode command with a higher number of acceptable failures.

Use the login local command for authenticating user access.

the switch that is controlling network access

the client that is requesting authentication

the router that is serving as the default gateway

the authentication server that is performing client authentication

password encryption

separate authentication and authorization processes

802.1X support

SIP support

utilization of transport layer protocols

The authorization feature enhances network performance.

User access is restricted to certain services.

A user must be identified before network access is granted.

User actions are recorded for use in audits and troubleshooting events.

The locked-out user stays locked out until the clear aaa local user lockout username Admin command is issued.

The locked-out user failed authentication.

The locked-out user stays locked out until the interface is shut down then re-enabled.

The locked-out user should have used the username admin and password Str0ngPa55w0rd.

The locked-out user is locked out for 10 minutes by default.

true

false

local AAA

server-based AAA over TACACS+

server-based AAA

local AAA over TACACS+

local AAA over RADIUS

server-based AAA over RADIUS

Use the show aaa user command.

Use the show aaa local user lockout command .

Use the show aaa sessions command .

Use the show running-configuration command .

That’s all the latest CCNA Security chapter 3 exam questions and answers. Please share the new CCNA Security exam questions via the comment section.

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Here is the all CCNA Security Chapter 2 Exam Questions with answers. It is just for review and educational purposes. You can use this to learn more about CCNA security exam questions and answers. This exam will cover material from Chapter 2 of CCNAS 2.0 of the curriculum.

This exam will be scored using the Weighted Model where each MCSA (Multiple-Choice Single-Answer) is worth two points and each MCMA (Multiple-Choice Multiple-Answer) is worth one point for each correct option. If more options are selected than required, the student will receive a score of zero.

CCNA Security Chapter 2 Exam Questions and Answers

Quiet mode behavior can be overridden for specific networks by using an ACL.

Quiet mode behavior can be enabled via an ip access-group command on a physical interface.

Quiet mode behavior will only prevent specific user accounts from attempting to authenticate.

Quiet mode behavior can be disabled by an administrator by using SSH to connect.

A single superview can be shared among multiple CLI views.

Users logged in to a superview can access all commands specified within the associated CLI views.

Deleting a superview deletes all associated CLI views.

A specific superview cannot have commands added to it directly.

CLI views have passwords, but superviews do not have passwords.

0

1

15

16

Views are required to define the CLI commands that each user can access.

There is no access control to specific interfaces on a router.

The root user must be assigned to each privilege level that is defined.

It is required that all 16 privilege levels be defined, whether they are used or not.

Creating a user account that needs access to most but not all commands can be a tedious process.

Commands set on a higher privilege level are not available for lower privilege users.

content of a security banner

IP addresses of interfaces

interfaces to enable

services to disable

enable password

enable secret password

retaining captured messages on the router when a router is rebooted

setting the size of the logging buffer

gathering logging information

specifying where captured information is stored

distinguishing between information to be captured and information to be ignored

authenticating and encrypting data sent over the network

banner motd

privilege exec level

login delay

login block-for

The Telnet protocol has to be configured on the SCP server side.

A transfer can only originate from SCP clients that are routers.

A command must be issued to enable the SCP server side functionality.

At least one user with privilege level 1 has to be configured for local authentication

ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 1A2b3C

username OSPF password 1A2b3C

area 1 authentication message-digest

area 0 authentication message-digest

enable password 1A2b3C

R1(config)# username admin password Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

R1(config)# username admin Admin01pa55 encr md5
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

R1(config)# username admin secret Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login

R1(config)# username admin password Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login

R1(config)# username admin secret Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

Disable all unused ports and interfaces to reduce the number of ways that the router can be accessed.

Provision the router with the maximum amount of memory possible.

Locate the router in a secure locked room that is accessible only to authorized personnel.

Keep a secure copy of the router Cisco IOS image and router configuration file as a backup.

Configure secure administrative control to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the router.

19: Refer to the exhibit. Which statement about the JR-Admin account is true?

JR-Admin can issue debug and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue show, ping, and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue ping and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue only ping commands.

JR-Admin cannot issue any command because the privilege level does not match one of those defined.

security banner

SNMP

enable secret password

interface IP address

syslog

21: The exhibit displays a router prompt, the command show running-config, and the following partial output:

<ouput omitted>
!
Parser view SUPPORT superview
secret 5 $1$Vp10$BBB1N68Z2ekr/aLH1edts.
view SHOWVIEW
view VERIFYVIEW

Refer to the exhibit. Based on the output of the show running-config command, which type of view is SUPPORT?

superview, containing SHOWVIEW and VERIFYVIEW views

secret view, with a level 5 encrypted password

CLI view, containing SHOWVIEW and VERIFYVIEW commands

root view, with a level 5 encrypted secret password

The generated keys can be used by SSH.

The general-purpose key size must be specified for authentication with the crypto key generate rsa general-keys moduluscommand.

All vty ports are automatically configured for SSH to provide secure management.

The keys must be zeroized to reset Secure Shell before configuring other parameters.

to ensure more efficient routing

to prevent redirection of data traffic to an insecure link

to provide data security through encryption

to prevent data traffic from being redirected and then discarded

to ensure faster network convergence

superuser view

superview

CLI view

admin view

root view

config view

Enable inbound vty Telnet sessions.

Enable inbound vty SSH sessions.

Configure the IP domain name on the router.

Generate two-way pre-shared keys.

Configure DNS on the router.

Generate the SSH keys.

Information is organized in a flat manner so that SNMP can access it quickly.

The OIDs are organized in a hierarchical structure.

A separate MIB tree exists for any given device in the network.

Information in the MIB cannot be changed.

disable logins from specified hosts

slow down an active attack

automatically provide AAA authentication

create password authentication

permit only secure console access

create syslog messages

flash security

zone isolation

router hardening

remote access security

operating system security

physical security

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How much you know about a person identity? Did you ever ask yourself the question, what is my identity? Did you ever attempt to protect your personal identity? This article helps you know your identity and the ways to protect it.

Your Online and Offline Identity

As more time is spent online, your identity, both online and offline, can affect your life. Your offline identity is the person who your friends and family interact with on a daily basis at home, at school or work. They know your personal information, such as your name, age, or where you live. Your online identity is who you are in cyberspace. Your online identity is how you present yourself to others online. This online identity should only reveal a limited amount of information about you.

You should take care when choosing a username or alias for your online identity. The username should not include any personal information. It should be something appropriate and respectful. This username should not lead strangers to think you are an easy target for cybercrimes or unwanted attention.

What is my identity? And What is my Data?

Any information about you can be considered to be your data. This personal information can uniquely identify you as an individual. This data includes the pictures and messages that you exchange with your family and friends online. Other information, such as name, social security number, date and place of birth, or mother‘s maiden name, is known by you and used to identify you. Information such as medical, educational, financial, and employment information, can also be used to identify you online.

Medical Records – Person Identity

Every time you go to the doctor’s office, more information is added to your electronic health records (EHRs). The prescription from your family doctor becomes part of your EHR. Your EHR includes your physical health, mental health, and other personal information that may not be medically-related. For example, if you had counselling as a child when there were major changes in the family, this will be somewhere in your medical records. Besides your medical history and personal information, the EHR may also include information about your family.

Medical devices, such as fitness bands, use the cloud platform to enable wireless transfer, storage and display of clinical data like heart rates, blood pressures and blood sugars. These devices can generate an enormous amount of clinical data that could become part of your medical records.

Education Records

As you progress through your education, information about your grades and test scores, your attendance, courses taken, awards and degrees rewarded, and any disciplinary reports may be on your education record. This record may also include contact information, health and immunization records, and special education records including individualized education programs (IEPs).

Employment and Financial Records

Your financial record may include information about your income and expenditures. Tax records could include paycheck stubs, credit card statements, your credit rating and other banking information. Your employment information can include your past employment and your performance.

The post What is a Person Identity and How to Protect it? appeared first on TECHNIG.

It’s a simple way you can learn to configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco router using this packet tracer lab. Just download the lab or create your own lab with packet tracer and follow the instruction to easy configure PAP and CHAP authentication protocols in a Cisco router.

Configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco Router

In this activity, you will practice configuring PPP encapsulation on serial links. You will also configure PPP PAP
authentication and PPP CHAP authentication.

Part 1: Review Routing Configurations

Step 1: View running configurations on all routers.

• While reviewing the router configurations, note the use of both static and dynamic routes in the topology.

Step 2: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

• From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
  Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Part 2: Configure PPP as the Encapsulation Method

Step 1: Configure R1 to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

Enter the following commands on R1:

R1(config)# interface s0/0/0
R1(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 2: Configure R2 to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

Enter the appropriate commands on R2:

R2(config)# interface s0/0/1
R2(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 3: Configure R3 to use PPP encapsulation with R1, R2, and ISP.

Enter the appropriate commands on R3:

R3(config)# interface s0/0/0
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
R3(config)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
R3(config)# interface s0/1/0
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 4: Configure ISP to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

a. Click the Internet cloud, then ISP. Enter the following commands:

Router(config)# interface s0/0/0
Router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

b. Exit the Internet cloud by clicking Back in the upper left corner or by pressing Alt+left arrow.

Step 5: Test connectivity to the web server.

PC and Laptop should be able to ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. This may take some time as
interfaces start working again and EIGRP reconverges.

Part 3: Configure PPP Authentication

Step 1: Configure PPP PAP Authentication Between R1 and R3.

Note: Instead of using the keyword password as shown in the curriculum, you will use the keyword secret to
provide a better encryption of the password.

a. Enter the following commands into R1:

R1(config)# username R3 secret class
R1(config)# interface s0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R1(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R1 password cisco

b. Enter the following commands into R3:

R3(config)# username R1 secret cisco
R3(config)# interface s0/0/0
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R3(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R3 password class

Step 2: Configure PPP PAP Authentication Between R2 and R3.

Repeat step 1 to configure authentication between R2 and R3 changing the usernames as needed. Note that
each password sent to each serial port matches the password expected by the opposite router.

R2(config-if)# username R3 secret class
R2(config)# interface s0/0/1
R2(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R2(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R2 password cisco

R3(config-if)# username R2 secret cisco
R3(config)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R3(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R3 password class

Step 3: Configure PPP CHAP Authentication Between R3 and ISP

a. Enter the following commands into ISP. The hostname is sent as the username:

Router(config)# hostname ISP
ISP(config)# username R3 secret cisco
ISP(config)# interface s0/0/0
ISP(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

b. Enter the following commands into R3. The passwords must match for CHAP authentication:

R3(config)# username ISP secret cisco
R3(config)# interface serial0/1/0
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

Step 4: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Step 4: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Note: This is the Cisco Network Academy lab, you can join the netacad.com website to learn the entire CCNA.

Download the Lab: PAP and CHAP Configuration or CCNA Packet Tracer Lab

That is all you need to learn to configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco Router. Let’s see what is the difference between PAP and CHAP authentication protocols?

What is the Difference Between PAP and CHAP?

The password authentication protocol (PAP) and challenge handshake authentication protocol (CHAP) are both used to authenticate PPP sessions and can be used with many VPNs. Basically, PAP works like a standard login procedure; the remote system authenticates itself to the user a static username and password combination. The password can be encrypted for additional security, but PAP is subject to numerous attacks. In particular, since the information is static, it is subject to password guessing as well as snooping.

CHAP takes a more sophisticated and secure approach to authentication by creating a unique challenge phrase (a randomly generated string) for each authentication. The challenge phrase is combined with device hostnames using one-way hashing functions to authenticate in a way where no static secret information is ever transmitted over the wire. Because all transmitted information is dynamic, CHAP is significantly more robust than PAP.

Another advantage of CHAP over PAP is that CHAP can be set up to do repeated midsession authentications. This is useful for dial-up PPP sessions and other sessions where a port may be left open even though the remote device has disconnected. In this case, its possible for someone else to pick up the connection mid-session simply by establish physical connectivity.

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Do you want to buy an SSL certificate(s) for your company but are unable to choose a reliable reseller? Are you delaying your purchase decision just because you’ve not yet been able to finalize a good company from where you can compare and buy the SSL certificates that you need? If you answered these questions in Yes, then your search is about to be over. Because here we’re going to review SSL2BUY.com, a company which has been able to make its mark in the cut-throat cybersecurity industry within a short span of time. Let’s see what makes them better than most of their competitors, and where do they fall short of expectations. Let’s begin with SSL2BUY Review:

All Major Brands Available

SSL2Buy.com is authorized reseller of all major SSL certificate brands, so you can buy the certificate of any major certifying authority (CA) from them without any problem. Comodo, GeoTrust, Thawte, GlobalSign, RapidSSL, AlphaSSL, Symantec – all of them sell their products on SSL2Buy. You can easily compare the prices of all these companies on SSL2Buy.com and then make your purchase decision.

A Truly Global Company

Unlike other resellers which provide their services within a specific country, SSL2Buy.com is a truly global company reselling SSL certificates. It serves 69 countries, including countries where internet access is also heavily restricted (i.e. China, Russia, UAE etc). In a nutshell, you’re dealing with a highly capable company.

Highly Professional Customer Support

The customer support of SSL2Buy.com is highly professional. They not only listen to your problems and solve them but also explain the ins and outs of your SSL products to you if you need to know. The reviews regarding the company’s customer support are excellent on all websites, and I’ve also experienced their professional support in person. First of all, there won’t be anything wrong with the products that they sell, but just in case if something goes wrong (because SSL certificate implementation is a technical thing), their support team will be available to help you in any possible ways.

One-Stop-Shop for All Your Server Security Needs

Another great thing about SSL2Buy.com is that their name may be revolving around SSL certificates, but the scope of their business is much broader than that. This company is essentially a one-stop-shop for all your server security requirements. From UCC certificates for Microsoft Exchange servers to code signing certificates to malware scanners, everything is available on SSL2Buy.com and you don’t need to go anywhere else.

Highly Competitive Pricing

Despite all these impressive features this company has managed to keep its rates much more reasonable than any other SSL certificate reseller. They sell great products at highly affordable prices, which makes them arguably one of the best SSL certificate resellers.

Money-Back Guarantee

Finally, SSL2Buy also offers the money-back guarantee on all the products sold by it. If you feel dissatisfied by any of the products purchased from them, you can request a refund under their 30-days replacement and refund policy so there shouldn’t be any reason to worry.

SSL2BUY Review Conclusion:

With no major cons in the sight, SSL2Buy is a solid company that you can’t ignore while taking your SSL purchase decisions.

The company believes in keeping things as simple as possible, which sometimes may not seem very appealing to some of us. However, rest assured about their service quality. They’ve earned a reputation for themselves, and therefore they’re unlikely to spoil it by giving a bad experience to their customers. You’ll be highly satisfied if you purchase your SSL products from SSL2BUY.

The post SSL2BUY Review: A Look on Their Pros and Cons appeared first on TECHNIG.

We received many questions about Kali Linux apt-get update not working. Let’s fix unable to locate package update in Kali Linux correctly. The single most common causes of a broken Kali Linux installation are following unofficial advice, and particularly arbitrarily populating the system’s sources.List file with unofficial repositories. The following post aims to clarify what repositories should exist in sources.list, and when they should be used.

This repository is actually Debian’s Testing distribution with all the kali-specific packages (available in the kali-dev-only repository) force-injected with Kali packages taking precedence over the Debian packages. Sometimes when Testing changes, some Kali packages must be updated and this will not happen immediately. During this time, kali-dev is likely to be broken. This repository is where Kali developers push updated packages and is the basis used to create kali-rolling.

Fix Unable to Locate Package Update in Kali Linux

To fix the broken Kali Linux installation just change the repository source from sources.list file. Open the sources.list file with a text editor and replace with the below sources list.

deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
deb http://old.kali.org/kali sana main non-free contrib
deb http://old.kali.org/kali moto main non-free contrib

1. Type “leafpad /etc/apt/sources.list” command in terminal to open the sources.list file with Leafpad text editor.
2. Clean the sources.list old contents.
3. Copy and paste all above list to the sources.list file.
4. Save the Kali Linux sources.list file and close it.
5. Clean the apt-get cached files with “apt-get clean” command.
6. Finally, type “apt-get update” command to start the update.

Finally, the result should be like the below screenshot.

Read more about Kali Linux update repository.

The Kali Rolling Repository

Kali-Rolling is our current active repository since the release of Kali 2016.1. Kali Rolling users are expected to have the following entries in their sources.list:

deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
# For source package access, uncomment the following line
# deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free

For access to the retired sana repositories, have the following entries in your sources.list:

deb http://old.kali.org/kali sana main non-free contrib
# For source package access, uncomment the following line
# deb-src http://old.kali.org/kali sana main non-free contrib

Retired Kali moto (1.0) Repositories

For access to the retired moto repositories, have the following entries in your sources.list:

deb http://old.kali.org/kali moto main non-free contrib
# For source package access, uncomment the following line
# deb-src http://old.kali.org/kali moto main non-free contrib

# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 _Kali_ - Official Snapshot i386 LIVE/INSTALL $
# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 _Kali_ - Official Snapshot i386 LIVE/INSTALL $
## Security updates
deb http://http.kali.org/ /kali main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/ /wheezy main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main/debian-installer
deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main/debian-installer
deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free
deb http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-fr$

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A virus protection software always protects your system from infected by viruses, malware, and any malicious software. This article focus on how to remove malware from Windows 10 protect any other operating systems with malware protection tools, such as Anti-malware, anti-ransomware, anti-exploit, and malicious website.

Malware, short for malicious software, is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs. It can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software. Malware is defined by its malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user – and so does not include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency.

Remove Malware from Windows 10

Protect and remove malware from Window 10 is easy by applying these simple steps. All Windows operating system infrastructures are the same. So you can apply this guide on all Windows not only Windows 10. It’s not too hard such as an advanced persistent threat. The (APT) is a network attack in which an unauthorized person gains access to a network and stays there undetected for a long period of time. The intention of an APT attack is to steal data rather than to cause damage to the network or organization. In such a case a network security specialist needs to solve the advanced persistent threat issue.

1. Check System Viruses Manually

The manual virus crawling and checking will get you expert in Windows operating system. The difference between scanning system with Antivirus software and checking manually is learning about Windows system monitoring tools inside Windows. The Windows performance monitoring tools are best Windows built-in tools that most Windows users are not aware of them.

To find and track a virus in Windows 10, read the article “Removing Virus from Laptop without Antivirus“. In this informative article, we find and track the behaviors of a virus in Windows operating system.

2. Antivirus software and Malware Protection Software

Although, Windows 10 has a built-in system protection software “Windows Defender” but currently it’s not good virus protection software. On our testing lab, Windows defender had been failed to detect most common malicious software and viruses. It even could not detect image.exe folder virus.

So, it’s better to install a well-known antivirus software on your system and keep it updated with the latest version. We recommend you the topic of some best free antivirus software.

3. Windows System Care and PC Optimizer Software

A PC Optimizer is a collection of auto troubleshoot and optimizing tools which help make your PC clean, secure and work faster. It finds and fixes most common Windows errors and problems automatically without user engagement with built-in Windows troubleshooting tools.

The Windows Care Genius is one the PC optimizer tools that we are using on our network computers. To know more about the features and functions read the Windows Care Genius review article. We wrote completely about pros and cons, and 22 features.

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The simple to guide to Vulnerability Assessment vs Penetration Testing. The penetration testing services test the security of your information systems, by identifying and exploiting weaknesses. A security penetration tester test and analyze the organization from the perspective of its most likely threats, examine business processes, information flows and the technology that supports the business operations. This allows them to determine the resilience of the company environment to malicious attempts to penetrate their systems.

Penetration Testing Methodology and Tools

A penetration testing team has a documented, tried and tested, penetration testing methodology based on industry best practices such as the OSSTMM (Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual) and the PTES (Penetration Testing Execution Standard). This ensures that you receive reliable, repeatable results, and minimizes the risk to your systems under test.

They use an arsenal of penetration testing tools similar to those used by attackers on the internet – in conjunction with in-house developed, commercial, and best-of-breed open-source penetration tools. Keeping up to date with the latest security vulnerabilities, trends, and hacking techniques is our business.

They produce a comprehensive business risk-focused penetration testing report covering the approach taken, the techniques used, and the vulnerabilities identified. Then apply their expertise to make prioritized procedural and strategic recommendations to ensure that your systems are secure against future attack.

Vulnerability Assessment vs Penetration Testing

Vulnerability assessments use testing tools (vulnerability scanners) to identify security vulnerabilities in a system or environment. While they highlight the technical threat, they do not qualify the business threat nor do they assess common attack methods. Thus, the major distinction between a vulnerability assessment and a penetration test (sometimes referred to as Ethical Hacking) is that the vulnerability assessment does not actively exploit the identified problems to determine the full exposure or validate its existence which can lead to inaccuracies in the report (false positives).

Unfortunately, many organizations claiming to perform penetration tests actually “oversell” their services and just provide vulnerability assessments using scanning tools. Although the initial cost may be less, attack scenarios can be overlooked which can lead to a later security breach. The sense of Security does not engage in these practices, and all identified security issues are reported with step by step instructions and screenshots on how to replicate the exploitable condition. Demonstrating the real risk visually provides value to management who may be unable to grasp some of the complex technical concepts involved in this line of work, and highlights the urgency in fixing some issues.

Types of Penetration Testing

Our pen testers can perform a range of assessments that simulate attack testing scenarios from individuals with varying degrees of knowledge and access to your systems including:

• External penetration test – casual or focused intruders on the Internet with limited knowledge
• Internal penetration test – disgruntled or careless employees or contractors with legitimate access to the corporate network
• Extranet penetration test – business partners who are part of the corporate Extranet
• Remote access penetration test – casual or focused intruders from known and unknown remote access entry points
• Mobile application penetration test – assessment of mobile devices, applications and MDM solutions
• Social engineering test – test the human factor using techniques such as tailgating, pretexting, phishing and baiting
• Physical penetration test – test physical security using real-world intrusion techniques
• Red teaming– emulating a motivated attacker that will use any means possible to obtain access to your systems and data. It is a hybrid approach using many/all of the above methods.

Penetration Testing as Part of Corporate Governance

Penetration tests are a requirement for meeting regulations such as PCI DSS, ISM, SOX, and HIPAA. It is also defined in industry standards such as ISO 17799 and ISO 27001 as important security tests an organization should regularly undertake.

Key Penetration Testing Technology Focus Areas

Traditional penetration testing disciplines include:

• Network penetration testing (infrastructure penetration testing), e.g. router, switch, firewall, etc.
• Server penetration testing, e.g. operating system, application, etc.

Advanced penetration testing service disciplines include, but are not limited to:

• Application penetration testing (including web applications, web services, mobile applications, thick-client applications, etc.)
• Human factor penetration testing (social engineering)
• Red teaming
• Physical security (physical penetration testing)
• SAP Security
• Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS)
• Wireless
• PBX / PABX including VoIP
• Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
• Remote access solutions e.g. Citrix, Terminal Services, IPSEC VPN, SSL VPN, etc.
• Virtualisation
• Database
• SCADA
• BlackBerry Enterprise Server
• Microsoft Office SharePoint Server
• Mobility solutions
• Black box

Vulnerability Management and Protection

The penetration testing service providers provide a one-off assessment, or on an ongoing basis. You can leverage our security expertise to provide you with automated, continuous, cost-effective, vulnerability management protection where they work with you to develop a recurring vulnerability assessment program for different segments of your environment. With a recurring program, They can highlight current exposures in a timely fashion, and provide you with trending data that allows you to monitor the progress of your IT security initiatives over time. Vulnerability assessment vs penetration testing guide.

Source: Sense of security

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The hackers have their own operating system with many hacking tools and cracking tools. These operating systems are equipped with the most powerful hacking tools from well known underground hackers groups and ethical hacking companies. These 10 best hackers operating system is using by hackers. The tools within these best hackers operating system are updated and ready to help you become a real hacker, penetration tester.

Getting past the cybersecurity certifications and other data security certifications need a hand-on lab. These are what you need to make your own penetration testing lab to practice hacking tips and getting ready for cybersecurity certification exams.

Related: 15 Most Wanted Cyber Security Certifications with High Salary

Top Best Hackers Operating System

Let’s see the top best hackers operating system to the below list. Starting from the best one Kali Linux and checking some new and old unprompted hacking tools. Here we just list the hacking tools, but it’s up to you how to use them.

1. Kali Linux

Kali Linux is an open-source project that is maintained and funded by Offensive Security, a provider of world-class information security training and penetration testing services. In addition to Kali Linux, Offensive Security also maintains the Exploit Database and the free online course, Metasploit Unleashed.

The Kali Linux is free for download. The team generate fresh Kali Linux image files every few months, which make available for download. You can download Kali Linux in it’s latest release. Try to download Kali Linux Hacker operating system.

2. BackBox Linux

BackBox is more than an operating system, it is a Free Open Source Community project with the aim to promote the culture of security in the IT environment and give its contribute to make it better and safer. All this using exclusively Free Open Source Software by demonstrating the potential and power of the community.

The BackBox hackers operating system is also have built one of the very first cloud platforms for penetration testing. You can download from the BackBox penetration testing operating system.

3. BackTrack Linux

The evolution of BackTrack spans many years of development, penetration tests, and unprecedented help from the security community. BackTrack originally started with earlier versions of live Linux distributions called Whoppix, IWHAX, and Auditor. When BackTrack was developed, it was designed to be an all in one live hacking CD used on security audits and was specifically crafted to not leave any remnants of itself on the laptop. It has since expanded to being the most widely adopted penetration testing framework in existence and is used by the security community all over the world.

Now the BackTrack Linux is replaced with Kali Linux. The growth version of backtrack tools come within Kali Linux. Using Kali Linux and Backtrack is the same but better to use Kali Linux for your penetration testing lab.

Related: Ethical Hacking & Information Security Certification Road-map

4. BlackArch Linux

BlackArch Linux is an Arch Linux-based penetration testing distribution for penetration testers and security researchers. The repository contains 1629 tools. You can install tools individually or in groups. BlackArch Linux is compatible with existing Arch installs. For more information, see the installation instructions. Also, the news is published on our blog.

The BlackArch Live ISO contains multiple window managers. Download the BlackArch Linux for penetration testing.

5. Deft Linux

DEFT (an acronym for Digital Evidence & Forensics Toolkit) is a distribution made for Computer Forensics, with the purpose of running live on systems without tampering or corrupting devices (hard disks, pendrives, etc…) connected to the PC where the boot process takes place.

The DEFT system is based on GNU Linux, it can run live (via DVDROM or USB pendrive), installed or run as a Virtual Appliance on VMware or Virtualbox. DEFT employs LXDE as a desktop environment and WINE for executing Windows tools under Linux. It features a comfortable mount manager for device management. Try to download the Deft Linux from Deft Linux website.

6. NST – Network Security Toolkit

NST is a bootable ISO live DVD/USB Flash Drive based on Fedora Linux. The toolkit was designed to provide easy access to best-of-breed Open Source Network Security Applications and should run on most x86_64 systems.

The main intent of developing this toolkit was to provide the security professional and network administrator with a comprehensive set of Open Source Network Security Tools. The majority of tools published in the article: Top 125 Security Tools by INSECURE.ORG are available in the toolkit. An advanced Web User Interface (WUI) is provided for system/network administration, navigation, automation, network monitoring, host geolocation, network analysis and configuration of many network and security applications found within the NST distribution. In the virtual world, NST can be used as a network security analysis validation and monitoring tool on enterprise virtual servers hosting virtual machines. You can download the NST live CD from NST Live CD.

Penetration Testing Tools and Ethical Hacking Tools

There are more tools related to penetration testing tools and ethical hacking tools. But the hackers all in one and Swiss army tools in Kali Linux. The below lists are some new tools that are using for penetration testing and network troubleshooting.

• 7. Pentoo
• 8. NodZero
• 9. GnackTrck
• 10. Bugtraq
• 11. Live Hacking OS
• 12. BalckBuntu
• 13. Cyborg Hawk Linux
• 14. Knoppix STD
• 15. Weakerthan
• 16. Matriux Linux

The Final Word

These are the best hackers operating system, but the final word for those how to want to become a professional hacker or data security expert. These tools can not make you a hacker. Try to learn the real hacker’s vision, thought and service they provide for the world’s of information security and cyberspace security.

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