In the network switching, you can easily configure DHCP snooping to prevent DHCP spoofing attack and DHCP starvation attack. Before you mitigating DHCP attacks in the network, you need to know about DHCP functions and features. The DHCP servers dynamically provide IP configuration information including IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS servers, and more to clients. The sequence of DHCP message exchange between client and server.

Types of DHCP Attacks

There are some DHCP attacks that hackers can use to hack your network systems and access the information. The DHCP Spoofing attack and the DHCP Starvation attack.

1. DHCP Spoofing Attack

A DHCP spoofing attack occurs when a rogue DHCP server is connected to the network and provides false IP configuration parameters to legitimate clients. A rogue server can provide a variety of misleading information:

• Wrong default gateway – Attacker provides an invalid gateway or the IP address of its host to create a man-in-the-middle attack. This may go entirely undetected as the intruder intercepts the data flow through the network.

• Wrong DNS server – Attacker provides an incorrect DNS server address pointing the user to a nefarious website.

• Wrong IP address – Attacker provides an invalid default gateway IP address and creates a DoS attack on the DHCP client.

2. DHCP Starvation Attack

Another DHCP attack is the DHCP starvation attack. The goal of this attack is to create a DoS for connecting clients. DHCP starvation attacks require an attack tool such as Gobbler.

Gobbler has the ability to look at the entire scope of leasable IP addresses and tries to lease them all. Specifically, it creates DHCP discovery messages with bogus MAC addresses.

Mitigating DHCP Attacks

It is easy to mitigate DHCP starvation attacks using port security. However, mitigating DHCP spoofing attacks requires more protection.

Related articles: Configure DHCP in Cisco Router and Windows Server

For instance, Gobbler uses a unique MAC address for each DHCP request and port security. Port security could be configured to mitigate this. However, Gobbler can also be configured to use the same interface MAC address with a different hardware address for every request. This would render port security ineffective.

DHCP spoofing attacks can be mitigated using DHCP snooping on trusted ports. DHCP snooping also helps mitigate against DHCP starvation attacks by rate limiting the number of DHCP discovery messages that an untrusted port can receive. DHCP snooping builds and maintains a DHCP snooping binding database that the switch can use to filter DHCP messages from untrusted sources. The DHCP snooping binding table includes the client MAC address, IP address, DHCP lease time, binding type, VLAN number, and interface information on each untrusted switchport or interface.

Note: In a large network, the DHCP binding table may take time to build after it is enabled. For example, it could take 2 days for DHCP snooping to complete the table if DHCP lease time is 4 days.

1. DHCP Snooping 

DHCP snooping acts like a firewall between untrusted hosts and trusted DHCP servers. DHCP snooping performs the following activities:

• Validates DHCP messages received from untrusted sources and filters out invalid messages.
• Builds and maintains the DHCP snooping binding database, which contains information about untrusted hosts with leased IP addresses.
• Uses the DHCP snooping binding database to validate subsequent requests from untrusted hosts.

Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) and IP Source Guard also use information stored in the DHCP snooping binding database.

DHCP snooping is enabled on a per-VLAN basis. By default, the feature is inactive on all VLANs. You can enable the feature on a single VLAN or a range of VLANs. Mitigate VLAN attack.

Configure DHCP Snooping to Mitigate DHCP Attack

When you configure DHCP snooping or enabling on an interface or VLAN, the switch receives a packet on an untrusted port, the switch compares the source packet information with that held in the DHCP snooping binding table.

• Trusted DHCP ports – Only ports connecting to upstream DHCP servers should be trusted. These ports that are expected to reply with DHCP offer and DHCP Ack messages. Trusted ports must be explicitly identified in the configuration.
• Untrusted ports – These ports connect to hosts that should not be providing DHCP server messages. By default, all switch ports are untrusted.

The general rule when configuring DHCP snooping is to “trust the port and enable DHCP snooping by VLAN”. Therefore, the following steps should be used to enable or configure DHCP snooping:

• Step 1. Enable DHCP snooping using the ip dhcp snooping global configuration command.

• Step 2. On trusted ports, use the ip dhcp snooping trust interface configuration command.

• Step 3. Enable DHCP snooping by VLAN, or by a range of VLANs.

Configuring a Maximum Number of MAC Addresses

S1(config)# ip dhcp snooping
S1(config)#
S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# ip dhcp snooping trust
S1(config-if)# exit
S1(config)#  
S1(config)# interface range f0/5 - 24
S1(config-if-range)# ip dhcp snooping limit rate 4  
S1(config-if-range)# exit
S1(config)#
S1(config)# ip dhcp snooping vlan 5,10,50-52
S1(config)#

Try to displays the resulting output of the “show ip dhcp snooping” privileged EXEC command.

S1# show ip dhcp snooping

Try to displays the resulting output of the “show ip dhcp snooping binding” command. Another way to verify is with the “show ip dhcp snooping database” command.

S1# show ip dhcp snooping binding

Untrusted ports should also rate limit the number of DHCP discovery messages they can receive per second using the ip dhcp snooping limit rate interface configuration command.

Note: Rate limiting further mitigates the risk of DHCP starvation attacks.

Similar mitigation techniques are available for DHCPv6 and IPv6 clients. Because IPv6 devices can also receive their addressing information from the router’s Router Advertisement (RA) message, there are also mitigation solutions to prevent any rogue RA messages.

Trusted and Untrusted Sources

You can configure whether DHCP snooping trusts traffic sources. An untrusted source may initiate traffic attacks or other hostile actions. To prevent such attacks, DHCP snooping filters messages from untrusted sources.

In an enterprise network, a trusted source is a device that is under your administrative control. These devices include the switches, routers, and servers in the network. Any device beyond the firewall or outside the network is an untrusted source. Generally, host ports are treated as untrusted sources.

In a service provider environment, any device that is not in the service provider network is an untrusted source (such as a customer switch). Host ports are untrusted sources.

In the NX-OS device, you indicate that a source is trusted by configuring the trust state of its connecting interface.

The default trust state of all interfaces is untrusted. You must configure DHCP server interfaces as trusted. You can also configure other interfaces as trusted if they connect to devices (such as switches or routers) inside your network. You usually do not configure host port interfaces as trusted.

Source: Cisco Configure DHCP Snooping

The post How to Configure DHCP Snooping in Cisco Switches? appeared first on TECHNIG.

Before you can prevent MAC flooding attack on layer 2 devices, you must know enough about basic switch operation and MAC table attack.  A Layer 2 LAN switch builds a table of MAC addresses that are stored in its Content Addressable Memory (CAM). A CAM table is the same thing as a MAC address table. The CAM table binds and stores MAC addresses and associated VLAN parameters that are connected to the physical switch ports. Switches then compare the destination MAC unicast addresses of incoming frames to the entries in the CAM table to make port forwarding decisions. If the destination MAC address is in the CAM table, the switch forwards the frame accordingly. However, if the destination MAC address is not in the CAM table, the switch will flood the frame out of all ports except for the frame’s port of ingress. This is called an unknown unicast flood.

How does CAM Table attack work?

All CAM tables have a fixed size and consequently, a switch can run out of resources in which to store MAC addresses. CAM table overflow attacks (also called MAC address overflow attacks) take advantage of this limitation by bombarding the switch with fake source MAC addresses until the switch MAC address table is full.

If enough entries are entered into the CAM table before older entries expire, the table fills up to the point that no new entries can be accepted. When this occurs, the switch treats the frame as an unknown unicast and begins to flood all incoming traffic to all ports without referencing the CAM table. The switch, in essence, acts as a hub. As a result, the attacker can capture all of the frames sent from one host to another.

NOTE: Traffic is flooded only within the local VLAN, so the intruder sees only traffic within the local VLAN to which the intruder is connected.

MAC Flooding Tools for Windows and Linux

Macof tools flood the local network with random MAC addresses (causing some switches to fail open in repeating mode, facilitating sniffing). What makes these tools so dangerous is that an attacker can create a CAM table overflow attack in a matter of seconds. For instance, a Catalyst 6500 switch can store 132,000 MAC addresses in its CAM table. A tool such as Macof can flood a switch with up to 8,000 bogus frames per second; creating a CAM table overflow attack in a matter of a few seconds.

Another reason why these attack tools are dangerous is that they not only affect the local switch, they can also affect other connected Layer 2 switches. When the CAM table of a switch is full, it starts broadcasting out all ports including those connecting to other Layer 2 switches.

How to Prevent Mac Flooding Attack?

In order to mitigate CAM table overflow attacks, network administrators must implement port security. It is the simplest and most effective method to prevent MAC flooding attack and CAM table overflow. Port security allows an administrator to statically specify MAC addresses for a port or to permit the switch to dynamically learn a limited number of MAC addresses. By limiting the number of permitted MAC addresses on a port to one, port security can be used to control the unauthorized expansion of the network.

After configuring or enabling port security, the MAC addresses are assigned to a secure port, the port does not forward frames with source MAC addresses outside the group of defined addresses. When a port configured with port security receives a frame, the source MAC address of the frame is compared to the list of secure source addresses that were manually configured or autoconfigured (learned) on the port.

To enable port security, use the switchport port-security interface configuration command on an access port. The port must be configured as an access port before port security can be enabled. This is because port security can only be configured on access ports and, by default, Layer 2 switch ports are set to dynamic auto (trunking on). Therefore, the port must be initially configured with the switchport mode access interface configuration command.

To set the maximum number of MAC addresses allowed on a port using the switchport port-security maximum value command

Note: The actual maximum number of secure MAC addresses that can be configured is set by the maximum number of available MAC addresses allowed by the active Switch Database Management (SDM) template. Use the show sdm prefer command to view the current template settings.

The switch can be configured to learn about MAC addresses on a secure port in one of two ways:

• Manually configured – Manually configures the MAC address(es) using the switchport port-security mac-address interface configuration command.

• Dynamically learned – Enables the switch to dynamically learn the MAC address using the switchport port-security mac-address sticky interface configuration command.

S4(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/10
S4(config-if)# switchport mode access
S4(config-if)# switchport port-security
S4(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 5
S4(config-if)# switchport port-security violation shutdown
S4(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky

To view the result, just type the “show port-security interface FastEthernet 0/10“.

S4#show port-security interface fastEthernet 0/10
Secure Port MaxSecureAddr CurrentAddr SecurityViolation Security Action
               (Count)       (Count)        (Count)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
       Fa0/10        5          0                 0         Shutdown
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Port Security              : Enabled
Port Status                : Secure-down
Violation Mode             : Shutdown
Aging Time                 : 0 mins
Aging Type                 : Absolute
SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled
Maximum MAC Addresses      : 5
Total MAC Addresses        : 0
Configured MAC Addresses   : 0
Sticky MAC Addresses       : 0
Last Source Address:Vlan   : 0000.0000.0000:0
Security Violation Count   : 0
 
S4#

That’s good. The configuration to prevent MAC flooding attack works perfectly on the Cisco switch.

Port Security Violations Modes

S4(config-if)#switchport port-security aging time 150

That is not all you get to know about how to prevent MAC Flooding attack in the network. This is a simple guide to know the function of MAC table attack and simple port-security configuration.

Source: NetAcad, My local CCNA Security Lab, and Google.

The post How to prevent MAC Flooding Attack? appeared first on TECHNIG.

These are all updated CCNA Security chapter 5 exam questions with answers. If you have the new question on this test, please comment question. We will update answers for you in the shortest time.

1. An IPS sensor has detected the string confidential across multiple packets in a TCP session. Which type of signature trigger and signature type does this describe?

• Trigger: Pattern-based detection
  Type: Composite signature
• Trigger: Policy-based detection
  Type: Composite signature
• Trigger: Pattern-based detection
  Type: Atomic signature
• Trigger: Anomaly-based detection
  Type: Composite signature
• Trigger: Policy-based detection
  Type: Atomic signature
• Trigger: Anomaly-based detection
  Type: Atomic signature

2. What is a required condition to enable IPS activity reporting using the SDEE format?

• Issue the ip ips notify log command.
• Configure the signature category.
• Create an IOS IPS configuration directory in flash.
• Enable an HTTP or HTTPS service on the router.

3. Refer to the exhibit. Based on the configuration, which traffic will be examined by the IPS that is configured on router R1?

• return traffic from the web server
• traffic that is destined to LAN 1 and LAN 2
• traffic that is initiated from LAN 1 and LAN 2
• no traffic will be inspected
• http traffic that is initiated from LAN 1

4. A network administrator is configuring an IOS IPS with the command

R1(config)# ip ips signature-definition

Which configuration task can be achieved with this command?

• Retire or unretire the ios_ips basic signature category.
• Retire or unretire the all atomic signatures category.
• Retire or unretire an individual signature.
• Retire or unretire the all signature category.

5. What information must an IPS track in order to detect attacks matching a composite signature?

• the state of packets related to the attack
• the network bandwidth consumed by all packets
• the attacking period used by the attacker
• the total number of packets in the attack

6. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator enters the command on a Cisco IOS IPS router. What is the effect?

• Alert messages are sent in Security Device Event Exchange (SDEE) format.
• Alert messages are sent in syslog format.
• Alert messages are sent in trace file format.
• Alert messages are sent in event log format.

7. What is the purpose in configuring an IOS IPS crypto key when enabling IOS IPS on a Cisco router?

• to enable Cisco Configuration Professional to be launched securely
• to secure the IOS image in flash
• to verify the digital signature for the master signature file
• to encrypt the master signature file

8. What is a disadvantage of network-based IPS as compared to host-based IPS?

• Network-based IPS should not be used with multiple operating systems.
• Network-based IPS does not detect lower level network events.
• Network-based IPS is less cost-effective.
• Network-based IPS cannot examine encrypted traffic.

9. True or False?
A Cisco IDS does not affect the flow of traffic when it operates in promiscuous mode.

• true
• false

10. What is a disadvantage of a pattern-based detection mechanism?

• The normal network traffic pattern must be profiled first.
• It is difficult to deploy in a large network.
• It cannot detect unknown attacks.
• Its configuration is complex.

11. A security specialist configures an IPS so that it will generate an alert when an attack is first detected. Alerts for the subsequent detection of the same attack are suppressed for a pre-defined period of time. Another alert will be generated at the end of the period indicating the number of the attack detected. Which IPS alert monitoring mechanism is configured?

• atomic alert
• correlation alert
• composite alert
• summary alert

12. What are two disadvantages of using an IDS? (Choose two.)

• The IDS does not stop malicious traffic.
• The IDS works offline using copies of network traffic.
• The IDS has no impact on traffic.
• The IDS analyzes actual forwarded packets.
• The IDS requires other devices to respond to attacks.

13. Refer to the exhibit. Based on the IPS configuration provided, which conclusion can be drawn?

• The signatures in all categories will be retired and not be used by the IPS.
• The signatures in all categories will be compiled into memory and used by the IPS.
• Only the signatures in the ios_ips basic category will be compiled into memory and used by the IPS.
• The signatures in the ios_ips basic category will be retired and the remaining signatures will be compiled into memory and used by the IPS.

14. What are two drawbacks to using HIPS? (Choose two.)

• With HIPS, the network administrator must verify support for all the different operating systems used in the network.
• HIPS installations are vulnerable to fragmentation attacks or variable TTL attacks.
• HIPS has difficulty constructing an accurate network picture or coordinating events that occur across the entire network.
• If the network traffic stream is encrypted, HIPS is unable to access unencrypted forms of the traffic.
• With HIPS, the success or failure of an attack cannot be readily determined.

15. Which two benefits does the IPS version 5.x signature format provide over the version 4.x signature format? (Choose two.)

• support for IPX and AppleTalk protocols
• addition of a signature risk rating
• support for encrypted signature parameters
• addition of signature micro engines
• support for comma-delimited data import

16. In configuring a Cisco router to prepare for IPS and VPN features, a network administrator opens the file realm-cisco.pub.key.txt, and copies and pastes the contents to the router at the global configuration prompt. What is the result after this configuration step?

• A pair of public/secret keys is created for IPsec VPN operation.
• The router is authenticated with the Cisco secure IPS resource web server.
• A crypto key is created for IOS IPS to verify the master signature file.
• A pair of public/secret keys is created for the router to serve as an SSH server.

17. Refer to the exhibit. Which statement best describes how incoming traffic on serial 0/0 is handled?

• Traffic not matching ACL 100 will be scanned and reported.
• Traffic matching ACL 100 will be scanned and reported.
• Traffic that is sourced from 172.31.235.0/24 will be scanned and reported.
• Traffic that is coming from any source other than 172.31.235.0/24 will be scanned and reported.
• Traffic not matching ACL 100 will be dropped.
• Traffic that is sourced from 172.31.235.0/24 will be sent directly to its destination without being scanned or reported.

18. Which type of IPS signature detection is used to distract and confuse attackers?

• anomaly-based detection
• honeypot-based detection
• pattern-based detection
• policy-based detection

19. Refer to the exhibit. What is the result of issuing the Cisco IOS IPS commands on router R1?

• All traffic that is denied by the ACL is subject to inspection by the IPS.
• A named ACL determines the traffic to be inspected.
• A numbered ACL is applied to S0/0/0 in the outbound direction.
• All traffic that is permitted by the ACL is subject to inspection by the IPS.

20. A system analyst is configuring and tuning a recently deployed IPS appliance. By examining the IPS alarm log, the analyst notices that the IPS does not generate alarms for a few known attack packets. Which term describes the lack of alarms by the IPS?

• false positive
• false negative
• true positive
• true negative

21. Which statement is true about an atomic alert that is generated by an IPS?

• It is an alert that is generated every time a specific signature has been found.
• It is a single alert sent for multiple occurrences of the same signature.
• It is both a normal alarm and a summary alarm being sent simultaneously at set intervals.
• It is an alert that is used only when a logging attack has begun.

22. What are two shared characteristics of the IDS and the IPS? (Choose two.)

• Both are deployed as sensors.
• Both analyze copies of network traffic.
• Both use signatures to detect malicious traffic.
• Both rely on an additional network device to respond to malicious traffic.
• Both have minimal impact on network performance.

23. A network administrator suspects the default setting of the ip ips notify sdee command has caused performance degradation on the Cisco IOS IPS router. The network administrator enters the ip sdee events 50 command in an attempt to remedy the performance issues. What is the immediate effect of this command?

• The newest 50 events from the original buffer are saved and all others are deleted.
• The oldest 50 events of the original buffer are deleted.
• All events that were stored in the original buffer are saved, while a new buffer is created to store new events.
• All events that were stored in the previous buffer are lost.

The post CCNA Security Chapter 5 Exam Questions With Answers – Updated appeared first on TECHNIG.

The latest update of CCNA Security chapter 4 exam questions and answers are available for review and educational purposes. You can find this questions on netacad CCNA Security chapter 4 exam test.

Please don’t forget to share the CCNA Security chapter 4 exam questions via comment section for keeping this list up-to-date.

CCNA Security Chapter 4 Exam Questions with Answers

1: What is one benefit of using a stateful firewall instead of a proxy server?

prevention of Layer 7 attacks

better performance

ability to perform user authentication

ability to perform packet filtering

CCNA Security Chapter 4 Exam Questions

2: Refer to the exhibit. Which statement describes the function of the ACEs?

These ACEs automatically appear at the end of every IPv6 ACL to allow IPv6 routing to occur.

These ACEs allow for IPv6 neighbor discovery traffic.

These are optional ACEs that can be added to the end of an IPv6 ACL to allow ICMP messages that are defined in object groups named nd-na and nd-ns.

These ACEs must be manually added to the end of every IPv6 ACL to allow IPv6 routing to occur.

3: When an inbound Internet-traffic ACL is being implemented, what should be included to prevent the spoofing of internal networks?

ACEs to prevent SNMP traffic

ACEs to prevent broadcast address traffic

ACEs to prevent ICMP traffic

ACEs to prevent traffic from private address spaces

ACEs to prevent HTTP traffic

4: Which type of packet is unable to be filtered by an outbound ACL?

ICMP packet

multicast packet

broadcast packet

router-generated packet

5: Which command will verify a Zone-Based Policy Firewall configuration?

show protocols

show running-config

show zones

show interfaces

6: Refer to the exhibit. The network “A” contains multiple corporate servers that are accessed by hosts from the Internet for information about the corporation. What term is used to describe the network marked as “A”?

internal network

perimeter security boundary

DMZ

untrusted network

7: A company is deploying a new network design in which the border router has three interfaces. Interface Serial0/0/0 connects to the ISP, GigabitEthernet0/0 connects to the DMZ, and GigabitEthernet/01 connects to the internal private network. Which type of traffic would receive the least amount of inspection (have the most freedom of travel)?

traffic that originates from the public network and that is destined for the DMZ

traffic that is returning from the DMZ after originating from the private network

traffic that is returning from the public network after originating from the private network

traffic that is going from the private network to the DMZ

8: When a Cisco IOS Zone-Based Policy Firewall is being configured via CLI, which step must be taken after zones have been created?

Design the physical infrastructure.

Establish policies between zones.

Assign interfaces to zones.

Identify subsets within zones.

9: Refer to the exhibit. If a hacker on the outside network sends an IP packet with source address 172.30.1.50, destination address 10.0.0.3, source port 23, and destination port 2447, what does the Cisco IOS firewall do with the packet?

The initial packet is dropped, but subsequent packets are forwarded.

The packet is forwarded, and no alert is generated.

The packet is forwarded, and an alert is generated.

The packet is dropped.

10: Which command is used to activate an IPv6 ACL named ENG_ACL on an interface so that the router filters traffic prior to accessing the routing table?

ipv6 access-class ENG_ACL in

ipv6 traffic-filter ENG_ACL out

ipv6 traffic-filter ENG_ACL in

ipv6 access-class ENG_ACL out

11: Consider the following access list.

access-list 100 permit ip host 192.168.10.1 any
access-list 100 deny icmp 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 any echo
access-list 100 permit ip any any

Which two actions are taken if the access list is placed inbound on a router Gigabit Ethernet port that has the IP address 192.168.10.254 assigned? (Choose two.)

Only the network device assigned the IP address 192.168.10.1 is allowed to access the router.

A Telnet or SSH session is allowed from any device on the 192.168.10.0 into the router with this access list assigned.

Devices on the 192.168.10.0/24 network can sucessfully ping devices on the 192.168.11.0 network.

Devices on the 192.168.10.0/24 network are not allowed to reply to any ping requests.

Only Layer 3 connections are allowed to be made from the router to any other network device.

12: In addition to the criteria used by extended ACLs, what conditions are used by a classic firewall to filter traffic?

IP source and destination addresses

TCP/UDP source and destination port numbers

application layer protocol session information

TCP/IP protocol numbers

13: To facilitate the troubleshooting process, which inbound ICMP message should be permitted on an outside interface?

time-stamp request

router advertisement

time-stamp reply

echo request

echo reply

CCNA Security Exam Answers

14: Refer to the exhibit. The ACL statement is the only one explicitly configured on the router. Based on this information, which two conclusions can be drawn regarding remote access network connections? (Choose two.)

SSH connections from the 192.168.2.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network are allowed.

Telnet connections from the 192.168.1.0/24 network to the 192.168.2.0/24 network are allowed.

Telnet connections from the 192.168.2.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network are allowed.

SSH connections from the 192.168.1.0/24 network to the 192.168.2.0/24 network are allowed.

Telnet connections from the 192.168.1.0/24 network to the 192.168.2.0/24 network are blocked.

SSH connections from the 192.168.1.0/24 network to the 192.168.2.0/24 network are blocked.

15: Which two rules about interfaces are valid when implementing a Zone-Based Policy Firewall? (Choose two.)

If neither interface is a zone member, then the action is to pass traffic.

If both interfaces are members of the same zone, all traffic will be passed.

If one interface is a zone member and a zone-pair exists, all traffic will be passed.

If one interface is a zone member, but the other is not, all traffic will be passed.

If both interfaces belong to the same zone-pair and a policy exists, all traffic will be passed.

16: When a Cisco IOS Zone-Based Policy Firewall is being configured, which two actions can be applied to a traffic class? (Choose two.)

hold

copy

forward

log

drop

inspect

17: If the provided ACEs are in the same ACL, which ACE should be listed first in the ACL according to best practice?

permit tcp 172.16.0.0 0.0.3.255 any established

permit udp any any range 10000 20000

deny tcp any any eq telnet

permit ip any any

permit udp 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 host 172.16.1.5 eq snmptrap

deny udp any host 172.16.1.5 eq snmptrap

18: What is the function of the pass action on a Cisco IOS Zone-Based Policy Firewall?

tracking the state of connections between zones

inspecting traffic between zones for traffic control

forwarding traffic from one zone to another

logging of rejected or dropped packets

19: A router has been configured as a classic firewall and an inbound ACL applied to the external interface. Which action does the router take after inbound-to-outbound traffic is inspected and a new entry is created in the state table?

When traffic returns from its destination, it is reinspected, and a new entry is added to the state table.

The internal interface ACL is reconfigured to allow the host IP address access to the Internet.

A dynamic ACL entry is added to the external interface in the inbound direction.

The entry remains in the state table after the session is terminated so that it can be reused by the host.

20: Which statement describes a typical security policy for a DMZ firewall configuration?

Traffic that originates from the inside interface is generally blocked entirely or very selectively permitted to the outside interface.

Return traffic from the inside that is associated with traffic originating from the outside is permitted to traverse from the inside interface to the outside interface.

Return traffic from the outside that is associated with traffic originating from the inside is permitted to traverse from the outside interface to the DMZ interface.

Traffic that originates from the outside interface is permitted to traverse the firewall to the inside interface with few or no restrictions.

Traffic that originates from the DMZ interface is selectively permitted to the outside interface.

21: A network administrator is implementing a Classic Firewall and a Zone-Based Firewall concurrently on a router. Which statement best describes this implementation?

A Classic Firewall and Zone-Based Firewall cannot be used concurrently.

The two models cannot be implemented on a single interface.

An interface must be assigned to a security zone before IP inspection can occur.

Both models must be implemented on all interfaces.

22: What is one limitation of a stateful firewall?

poor log information

cannot filter unnecessary traffic

weak user authentication

not as effective with UDP- or ICMP-based traffic

23: Which security tool monitors network traffic as it flows into and out of the organization and determines whether packets belong to an existing connection or are from an unauthorized source?

web security appliance

application proxy

stateful firewall

intrusion protection system

That’s all the updated CCNA Security chapter 4 exam questions and answers you need to review and test to learn more about CCNA security chapter 4 exam questions.

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A Cisco ids does not affect the flow of traffic when it operates in promiscuous mode.

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Looking for CCNA Security Exam Answers? Here you can test and review all updated CCNA Security Chapter 3 exam questions and answers. It is just for educational purposes.

These questions are the latest CCNA security chapter 3 exam questions with answers. Please share the new questions through the comment section. We will reply it with the correct answer.

CCNA Security Chapter 3 Exam Questions and Answers

The configuration is using the default ports for a Cisco router.

The configuration will not be active until it is saved and Rtr1 is rebooted.

The configuration of the ports requires 1812 be used for the authentication and the authorization ports.

The ports configured for Server1 on the router must be identical to those configured on the RADIUS server.

The local username database will provide a backup for authentication in the event the ACS servers become unreachable.

A local username database is required when configuring authentication using ACS servers.

Because ACS servers only support remote user access, local users can only authenticate using a local username database.

Without a local username database, the router will require successful authentication with each ACS server.

debug tacacs accounting

debug aaa authentication

debug tacacs events

debug tacacs

Windows Server only supports AAA using TACACS.

Windows Server uses its own Active Directory (AD) controller for authentication and authorization.

Windows Server cannot be used as an AAA server.

Windows Server requires more Cisco IOS commands to configure.

MD5

RADIUS

SSH

TACACS+

Implement Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS) only.

RADIUS and TACACS+ servers cannot be supported by a single solution.

Implement both a local database and Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS).

Implement a local database.

accessibility

authorization

authentication

auditing

accounting

The login succeeds, even if all methods return an error.

It uses the enable password for authentication.

It accepts a locally configured username, regardless of case.

It defaults to the vty line password for authentication.

It uses less network bandwidth.

It requires a login and password combination on the console, vty lines, and aux ports.

It provides a fallback authentication method if the administrator forgets the username or password.

It specifies a different password for each line or port.

accounting

accessibility

authentication

authorization

Accounting can only be enabled for network connections.

Users are not required to be authenticated before AAA accounting logs their activities on the network.

Accounting is concerned with allowing and disallowing authenticated users access to certain areas and programs on the network.

Possible triggers for the aaa accounting exec default command include start-stop and stop-only.

Use the login delay command for authentication attempts.

Use the none keyword when configuring the authentication method list.

Use the aaa local authentication attempts max-fail global configuration mode command with a higher number of acceptable failures.

Use the login local command for authenticating user access.

the switch that is controlling network access

the client that is requesting authentication

the router that is serving as the default gateway

the authentication server that is performing client authentication

password encryption

separate authentication and authorization processes

802.1X support

SIP support

utilization of transport layer protocols

The authorization feature enhances network performance.

User access is restricted to certain services.

A user must be identified before network access is granted.

User actions are recorded for use in audits and troubleshooting events.

The locked-out user stays locked out until the clear aaa local user lockout username Admin command is issued.

The locked-out user failed authentication.

The locked-out user stays locked out until the interface is shut down then re-enabled.

The locked-out user should have used the username admin and password Str0ngPa55w0rd.

The locked-out user is locked out for 10 minutes by default.

true

false

local AAA

server-based AAA over TACACS+

server-based AAA

local AAA over TACACS+

local AAA over RADIUS

server-based AAA over RADIUS

Use the show aaa user command.

Use the show aaa local user lockout command .

Use the show aaa sessions command .

Use the show running-configuration command .

That’s all the latest CCNA Security chapter 3 exam questions and answers. Please share the new CCNA Security exam questions via the comment section.

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Here is the all CCNA Security Chapter 2 Exam Questions with answers. It is just for review and educational purposes. You can use this to learn more about CCNA security exam questions and answers. This exam will cover material from Chapter 2 of CCNAS 2.0 of the curriculum.

This exam will be scored using the Weighted Model where each MCSA (Multiple-Choice Single-Answer) is worth two points and each MCMA (Multiple-Choice Multiple-Answer) is worth one point for each correct option. If more options are selected than required, the student will receive a score of zero.

CCNA Security Chapter 2 Exam Questions and Answers

Quiet mode behavior can be overridden for specific networks by using an ACL.

Quiet mode behavior can be enabled via an ip access-group command on a physical interface.

Quiet mode behavior will only prevent specific user accounts from attempting to authenticate.

Quiet mode behavior can be disabled by an administrator by using SSH to connect.

A single superview can be shared among multiple CLI views.

Users logged in to a superview can access all commands specified within the associated CLI views.

Deleting a superview deletes all associated CLI views.

A specific superview cannot have commands added to it directly.

CLI views have passwords, but superviews do not have passwords.

0

1

15

16

Views are required to define the CLI commands that each user can access.

There is no access control to specific interfaces on a router.

The root user must be assigned to each privilege level that is defined.

It is required that all 16 privilege levels be defined, whether they are used or not.

Creating a user account that needs access to most but not all commands can be a tedious process.

Commands set on a higher privilege level are not available for lower privilege users.

content of a security banner

IP addresses of interfaces

interfaces to enable

services to disable

enable password

enable secret password

retaining captured messages on the router when a router is rebooted

setting the size of the logging buffer

gathering logging information

specifying where captured information is stored

distinguishing between information to be captured and information to be ignored

authenticating and encrypting data sent over the network

banner motd

privilege exec level

login delay

login block-for

The Telnet protocol has to be configured on the SCP server side.

A transfer can only originate from SCP clients that are routers.

A command must be issued to enable the SCP server side functionality.

At least one user with privilege level 1 has to be configured for local authentication

ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 1A2b3C

username OSPF password 1A2b3C

area 1 authentication message-digest

area 0 authentication message-digest

enable password 1A2b3C

R1(config)# username admin password Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

R1(config)# username admin Admin01pa55 encr md5
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

R1(config)# username admin secret Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login

R1(config)# username admin password Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login

R1(config)# username admin secret Admin01pa55
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# login local

Disable all unused ports and interfaces to reduce the number of ways that the router can be accessed.

Provision the router with the maximum amount of memory possible.

Locate the router in a secure locked room that is accessible only to authorized personnel.

Keep a secure copy of the router Cisco IOS image and router configuration file as a backup.

Configure secure administrative control to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the router.

19: Refer to the exhibit. Which statement about the JR-Admin account is true?

JR-Admin can issue debug and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue show, ping, and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue ping and reload commands.

JR-Admin can issue only ping commands.

JR-Admin cannot issue any command because the privilege level does not match one of those defined.

security banner

SNMP

enable secret password

interface IP address

syslog

21: The exhibit displays a router prompt, the command show running-config, and the following partial output:

<ouput omitted>
!
Parser view SUPPORT superview
secret 5 $1$Vp10$BBB1N68Z2ekr/aLH1edts.
view SHOWVIEW
view VERIFYVIEW

Refer to the exhibit. Based on the output of the show running-config command, which type of view is SUPPORT?

superview, containing SHOWVIEW and VERIFYVIEW views

secret view, with a level 5 encrypted password

CLI view, containing SHOWVIEW and VERIFYVIEW commands

root view, with a level 5 encrypted secret password

The generated keys can be used by SSH.

The general-purpose key size must be specified for authentication with the crypto key generate rsa general-keys moduluscommand.

All vty ports are automatically configured for SSH to provide secure management.

The keys must be zeroized to reset Secure Shell before configuring other parameters.

to ensure more efficient routing

to prevent redirection of data traffic to an insecure link

to provide data security through encryption

to prevent data traffic from being redirected and then discarded

to ensure faster network convergence

superuser view

superview

CLI view

admin view

root view

config view

Enable inbound vty Telnet sessions.

Enable inbound vty SSH sessions.

Configure the IP domain name on the router.

Generate two-way pre-shared keys.

Configure DNS on the router.

Generate the SSH keys.

Information is organized in a flat manner so that SNMP can access it quickly.

The OIDs are organized in a hierarchical structure.

A separate MIB tree exists for any given device in the network.

Information in the MIB cannot be changed.

disable logins from specified hosts

slow down an active attack

automatically provide AAA authentication

create password authentication

permit only secure console access

create syslog messages

flash security

zone isolation

router hardening

remote access security

operating system security

physical security

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This article describes how to configure switch port security on Cisco Switches. It provides guidelines, procedures, and configuration examples. To practice and learn to configure port security on Cisco switch, just download the port security packet tracer lab or create your own lab and follow the switch port security configuration guideline.

Download Switch Port Security Configuration Packet Tracer Lab.

Port Security Guidelines and Restrictions

Follow these guidelines when configuring port security.

• A secure port cannot be a trunk port.
• A secure port cannot be a destination port for Switch Port Analyzer (SPAN).
• A secure port cannot belong to an EtherChannel port-channel interface.
• A secure port and static MAC address configuration are mutually exclusive.

Configure Switch Port Security

These sections describe how to configure port security using the Packet Tracer – Configuring Switch Port Security Lab.

In this activity, you will configure and verify port security on a switch. Port security allows you to restrict a port’s ingress traffic by limiting the MAC addresses that are allowed to send traffic to the port.

Part 1: Configure Port Security

a. Access the command line for S1 and enable port security on Fast Ethernet ports 0/1 and 0/2.

SW1>enable 
SW1#configure terminal 
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-2
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode access 
SW1(config-if-range)#
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport port-security 
SW1(config-if-range)#

b. Set the maximum so that only one device can access the Fast Ethernet ports 0/1 and 0/2.

SW1(config-if-range)#switchport port-security maximum 1
SW1(config-if-range)#

c. Secure the ports so that the MAC address of a device is dynamically learned and added to the running configuration.

SW1(config-if-range)#switchport port-security mac-address sticky 
SW1(config-if-range)#

d. Set the violation so that the Fast Ethernet ports 0/1 and 0/2 are not disabled when a violation occurs, but packets are dropped from an unknown source.

SW1(config-if-range)#switchport port-security violation restrict 
SW1(config-if-range)#

e. Disable all the remaining unused ports. Hint: Use the range keyword to apply this configuration to all the ports simultaneously.

SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/3-24, gigabitEthernet 0/1-2
SW1(config-if-range)#shutdown

It’s all and enough to configure switch port security on this lab. Let’s test it.

Part 2: Verify Port Security

Try to test your switch port security configuration with ping command and testing with the rogue laptop on the lab

• a. From PC1, ping PC2.
• b. Verify port security is enabled and the MAC addresses of PC1 and PC2 were added to the running configuration with “show run” command.
• c. Attach Rogue Laptop to any unused switch port and notice that the link lights are red.
• d. Enable the port and verify that Rogue Laptop can ping PC1 and PC2. After verification shut down the port connected to Rogue Laptop.
• e. Disconnect PC2 and connect Rogue Laptop to PC2’s port. Verify that Rogue Laptop is unable to ping PC1.
• f. Display the port security violations for the port Rogue Laptop is connected to.
• g. Disconnect Rouge Laptop and reconnect PC2. Verify PC2 can ping PC1.
• h. Why is PC2 able to ping PC1, but the Rouge Laptop is not?

That’s all, you need to learn about to configure switch port security on Cisco switches. If you need to study more about switch port security, try to read a book or simply read the below materials.

Default Port Security Configuration

Overview of Configure Switch Port Security

You can configure MAC addresses to be sticky. These can be dynamically learned or manually configured, stored in the address table, and added to the running configuration. If these addresses are saved in the configuration file, the interface does not need to dynamically relearn them when the switch restarts. Although sticky secure addresses can be manually configured, it is not recommended.

You can configure an interface to convert the dynamic MAC addresses to sticky secure MAC addresses and to add them to the running configuration by enabling sticky learning. To enable sticky learning, enter the switchport port-security mac-address sticky command. When you enter this command, the interface converts all the dynamic secure MAC addresses, including those that were dynamically learned before sticky learning was enabled, to sticky secure MAC addresses.

The sticky secure MAC addresses do not automatically become part of the configuration file, which is the startup configuration used each time the switch restarts. If you save the sticky secure MAC addresses in the configuration file, when the switch restarts, the interface does not need to relearn these addresses. If you do not save the configuration, they are lost

If sticky learning is disabled, the sticky secure MAC addresses are converted to dynamic secure addresses and are removed from the running configuration.

After the maximum number of secure MAC addresses is configured, they are stored in an address table. To ensure that an attached device has the full bandwidth of the port, configure the MAC address of the attached device and set the maximum number of addresses to one, which is the default.

A security violation occurs if the maximum number of secure MAC addresses has been added to the address table and a workstation whose MAC address is not in the address table attempts to access the interface.

You can configure the interface for one of these violation modes, based on the action to be taken if a violation occurs:

• Restrict—A port security violation restricts data, causes the SecurityViolation counter to increment, and causes an SNMP Notification to be generated. The rate at which SNMP traps are generated can be controlled by the SNMP-server enable traps port-security trap-rate command. The default value (“0”) causes an SNMP trap to be generated for every security violation.
• Shutdown—A port security violation causes the interface to shut down immediately. When a secure port is in the error-disabled state, you can bring it out of this state by entering the errdisable recovery cause psecure-violation global configuration command or you can manually re-enable it by entering the shutdown and no shutdown interface configuration commands. This is the default mode.

You can also customize the time to recover from the specified error-disable cause (default is 300 seconds) by entering the errdisable recovery interval command.

Source: Cisco

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If you faced with the below error when you try to configure banner motd on Cisco switch or router. You can easily fix Cisco Motd banner ASCII art using this MOTD Banner configuration guide.

SW1(config-line)#motd-banner !No Access for You?!
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

It means that you did not type the banner motd command correctly. Let’s test it and configure banner motd on Cisco switch and router using packet tracer.

What is MOTD Banner?

A banner is a message presented to a user who is using the Cisco switch. The type of banner you configured for use determines when this message is shown. You can configure three main types of banners on your Cisco switch, as shown here:

• The message of the Day (MOTD): This type of login message has been around for a long time on Unix and mainframe systems. The idea of the message is to display a temporary notice to users, such as issues with system availability.

  However, because the message displays when a user connects to the device before login, most network administrators are now using it to display legal notices regarding access to the switch, such as unauthorized access to this device is prohibited and violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law and other such cheery endearments.

• Login: This banner is displayed before login to the system, but after the MOTD banner is displayed. Typically, this banner is used to display a permanent message to the users.

• Exec: This banner displays after the login is complete when the connecting user enters User EXEC mode. Whereas all users who attempt to connect to the switch see the other banners, only users who successfully log on to the switch see this banner, which can be used to post reminders to your network administrators.

SW1#enable 
SW1#configure terminal 
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
SW1(config)#banner motd #Admin Access only!#
SW1(config)#

Now, the Motd banner has configured on a Cisco switch. Let’s test it what is going on?

Press RETURN to get started!
Admin Access Only
User Access Verification
Password: 

Yes, you can see the message that prompts you before user authentication.

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It’s a simple way you can learn to configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco router using this packet tracer lab. Just download the lab or create your own lab with packet tracer and follow the instruction to easy configure PAP and CHAP authentication protocols in a Cisco router.

Configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco Router

In this activity, you will practice configuring PPP encapsulation on serial links. You will also configure PPP PAP
authentication and PPP CHAP authentication.

Part 1: Review Routing Configurations

Step 1: View running configurations on all routers.

• While reviewing the router configurations, note the use of both static and dynamic routes in the topology.

Step 2: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

• From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
  Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Part 2: Configure PPP as the Encapsulation Method

Step 1: Configure R1 to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

Enter the following commands on R1:

R1(config)# interface s0/0/0
R1(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 2: Configure R2 to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

Enter the appropriate commands on R2:

R2(config)# interface s0/0/1
R2(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 3: Configure R3 to use PPP encapsulation with R1, R2, and ISP.

Enter the appropriate commands on R3:

R3(config)# interface s0/0/0
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
R3(config)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
R3(config)# interface s0/1/0
R3(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

Step 4: Configure ISP to use PPP encapsulation with R3.

a. Click the Internet cloud, then ISP. Enter the following commands:

Router(config)# interface s0/0/0
Router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

b. Exit the Internet cloud by clicking Back in the upper left corner or by pressing Alt+left arrow.

Step 5: Test connectivity to the web server.

PC and Laptop should be able to ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. This may take some time as
interfaces start working again and EIGRP reconverges.

Part 3: Configure PPP Authentication

Step 1: Configure PPP PAP Authentication Between R1 and R3.

Note: Instead of using the keyword password as shown in the curriculum, you will use the keyword secret to
provide a better encryption of the password.

a. Enter the following commands into R1:

R1(config)# username R3 secret class
R1(config)# interface s0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R1(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R1 password cisco

b. Enter the following commands into R3:

R3(config)# username R1 secret cisco
R3(config)# interface s0/0/0
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R3(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R3 password class

Step 2: Configure PPP PAP Authentication Between R2 and R3.

Repeat step 1 to configure authentication between R2 and R3 changing the usernames as needed. Note that
each password sent to each serial port matches the password expected by the opposite router.

R2(config-if)# username R3 secret class
R2(config)# interface s0/0/1
R2(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R2(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R2 password cisco

R3(config-if)# username R2 secret cisco
R3(config)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
R3(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username R3 password class

Step 3: Configure PPP CHAP Authentication Between R3 and ISP

a. Enter the following commands into ISP. The hostname is sent as the username:

Router(config)# hostname ISP
ISP(config)# username R3 secret cisco
ISP(config)# interface s0/0/0
ISP(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

b. Enter the following commands into R3. The passwords must match for CHAP authentication:

R3(config)# username ISP secret cisco
R3(config)# interface serial0/1/0
R3(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

Step 4: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Step 4: Test connectivity between computers and the web server.

From PC and Laptop, ping the web server at 209.165.200.2. Both ping commands should be successful.
Remember to give enough time for STP and EIGRP to converge.

Note: This is the Cisco Network Academy lab, you can join the netacad.com website to learn the entire CCNA.

Download the Lab: PAP and CHAP Configuration or CCNA Packet Tracer Lab

That is all you need to learn to configure PAP and CHAP in Cisco Router. Let’s see what is the difference between PAP and CHAP authentication protocols?

What is the Difference Between PAP and CHAP?

The password authentication protocol (PAP) and challenge handshake authentication protocol (CHAP) are both used to authenticate PPP sessions and can be used with many VPNs. Basically, PAP works like a standard login procedure; the remote system authenticates itself to the user a static username and password combination. The password can be encrypted for additional security, but PAP is subject to numerous attacks. In particular, since the information is static, it is subject to password guessing as well as snooping.

CHAP takes a more sophisticated and secure approach to authentication by creating a unique challenge phrase (a randomly generated string) for each authentication. The challenge phrase is combined with device hostnames using one-way hashing functions to authenticate in a way where no static secret information is ever transmitted over the wire. Because all transmitted information is dynamic, CHAP is significantly more robust than PAP.

Another advantage of CHAP over PAP is that CHAP can be set up to do repeated midsession authentications. This is useful for dial-up PPP sessions and other sessions where a port may be left open even though the remote device has disconnected. In this case, its possible for someone else to pick up the connection mid-session simply by establish physical connectivity.

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This is a CCNA Security path guide that helps you pursuit the cyber security certifications for empowering your job opportunity. Most CCNA security certified are just follow up directly to CCIE Security certification. It’s good for working only in the field of Cisco network devices. But if you want to have a better job opportunity, you should study-wide variety knowledge of security certifications and get wider your information security knowledge.

CCNA security is the point where you start to become a security specialist for Cisco network devices. The new CCNA Routing and Switching focus on security objectives as well.

Related: What is New in CCNA v3 Exams 100-105, 200-105, 200-125?

CCNA Security Path to Cyber Security Certifications

Generally, information security begins from CompTIA security+ certification. It has a good theoretical general knowledge of cyber security. But it’s not enough, just for beginners. To follow-up to the high-level computer security, follow them step by step and work hard to get experience.

Related: Top 15 Most Wanted Cyber Security Certifications

Some prerequisite certification required for CCNA Security. The only thing you should do is just pass the CCENT certification and have the knowledge of common Cisco network devices.

Cisco Certified Network Associate Security (CCNA Security) validates associate-level knowledge and skills required to secure Cisco networks. With a CCNA Security certification, a network professional demonstrates the skills required to develop a security infrastructure, recognize threats and vulnerabilities to networks, and mitigate security threats. The CCNA Security curriculum emphasizes core security technologies, the installation, troubleshooting and monitoring of network devices to maintain integrity, confidentiality and availability of data and devices, and competency in the technologies that Cisco uses in its security structure.

Prerequisites for CCNA Security:

Any valid Cisco CCENT, CCNA Routing and Switching, or any CCIE certification can act as a prerequisite.

The chart indicates the CCNA Security path to CCIE Security. Notice that the beginning point of CCNA security is CCENT, that is not good to begin study directly the Cisco security certification. If you would have the CCNA Routing and Switching certification, the CCNA security will become easy to you.

Another security certification Cisco provides for security specialist is Cisco Cybersecurity Specialist certification. It recognizes security professionals who have attained specialized in-depth expertise and proven knowledge in the essential areas of proactive cyber threat detection and mitigation.

Related: Packet Tracer CCNA Practical Labs

Designed for professional security analysts and leveraging the features of Cisco and other network security products used today, the Cisco Cybersecurity Specialist certification focuses on the topics of event monitoring, security event/alarm/traffic analysis, and incident response. For achieving this certification, there is no prerequisite required. However, a thorough understanding of TCP/IP and a working knowledge of CCNA Security is highly recommended.

Cisco Certifications Roadmap

To understand more and find your way easy in Cisco certifications, check the below Cisco Certification Roadmap that where will your path take you?

This chart shows you the Cisco certification path you would like to follow and build your career for future. Selecting your favorite certification path will help you quickly achieve your demanded certification.

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